History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 21
by
Thomas Carlyle
Part 1 out of 7
Carlyle's "History of Friedrich II of Prussia"
Book XXI
Processed by D.R. Thompson
drthom@ihug.co.nz
BOOK XXI.
AFTERNOON AND EVENING OF FRIEDRICH'S LIFE.
1763-1786.
Chapter I.
PREFATORY.
The Twelve Hercules-labors of this King have ended here; what was
required of him in World-History is accomplished. There remain to
Friedrich Twenty-three Years more of Life, which to Prussian
History are as full of importance as ever; but do not essentially
concern European History, Europe having gone the road we now see it
in. On the grand World-Theatre the curtain has fallen for a New
Act; Friedrich's part, like everybody's for the present, is played
out. In fact, there is, during the rest of his Reign, nothing of
World-History to be dwelt on anywhere. America, it has been
decided, shall be English; Prussia be a Nation. The French, as
finis of their attempt to cut Germany in Four, find themselves sunk
into torpor, abeyance and dry-rot; fermenting towards they know not
what. Towards Spontaneous Combustion in the year 1789, and for long
years onwards!
There, readers, there is the next milestone for you, in the History
of Mankind! That universal Burning-up, as in hell-fire, of Human
Shams. The oath of Twenty-five Million men, which has since become
that of all men whatsoever, "Rather than live longer under lies, we
will die!"--that is the New Act in World-History. New Act,--or, we
may call it New PART; Drama of World-History, Part Third. If Part
SECOND was 1,800 years ago, this I reckon will be Part THIRD.
This is the truly celestial-infernal Event: the strangest we have
seen for a thousand years. Celestial in one part; in the other,
infernal. For it is withal the breaking out of universal mankind
into Anarchy, into the faith and practice of NO-Government,--that
is to say (if you will be candid), into unappeasable Revolt against
Sham-Governors and Sham-Teachers,--which I do charitably define to
be a Search, most unconscious, yet in deadly earnest, for true
Governors and Teachers. That is the one fact of World-History worth
dwelling on at this day; and Friedrich cannot be said to have had
much hand farther in that.
Nor is the progress of a French or European world, all silently
ripening and rotting towards such issue, a thing one wishes to
dwell on. Only when the Spontaneous Combustion breaks out;
and, many-colored, with loud noises, envelops the whole world in
anarchic flame for long hundreds of years: then has the Event come;
there is the thing for all men to mark, and to study and scrutinize
as the strangest thing they ever saw. Centuries of it yet lying
ahead of us; several sad Centuries, sordidly tumultuous, and good
for little! Say Two Centuries yet,--say even Ten of such a process:
before the Old is completely burnt out, and the New in any state of
sightliness? Millennium of Anarchies;--abridge it, spend your
heart's-blood upon abridging it, ye Heroic Wise that are to come!
For it is the consummation of All the Anarchies that are and were;
--which I do trust always means the death (temporary death) of
them! Death of the Anarchies: or a world once more built wholly on
Fact better or worse; and the lying jargoning professor of Sham-
Fact, whose name is Legion, who as yet (oftenest little conscious
of himself) goes tumulting and swarming from shore to shore, become
a species extinct, and well known to be gone down to Tophet!--
There were bits of Anarchies before, little and greater: but till
that of France in 1789, there was none long memorable; all were
pygmies in comparison, and not worth mentioning separately.
In 1772 the Anarchy of Poland, which had been a considerable
Anarchy for about three hundred years, got itself extinguished,--
what we may call extinguished;--decisive surgery being then first
exercised upon it: an Anarchy put in the sure way of extinction.
In 1775, again, there began, over seas, another Anarchy much more
considerable,--little dreaming that IT could be called an Anarchy;
on the contrary, calling itself Liberty, Rights of Man; and singing
boundless Io-Paeans to itself, as is common in such cases;
an Anarchy which has been challenging the Universe to show the like
ever since. And which has, at last, flamed up as an independent
Phenomenon, unexampled in the hideously SUICIDAL way;--and does
need much to get burnt out, that matters may begin anew on truer
conditions. But neither the PARTITION OF POLAND nor the AMERICAN
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE have much general importance, or, except as
precursors of 1789, are worth dwelling on in History. From us here,
so far as Friedrich is concerned with them, they may deserve some
transient mention, more or less: but World-History, eager to be at
the general Funeral-pile and ultimate Burning-up of Shams in this
poor World, will have less and less to say of small tragedies and
premonitory symptoms.
Curious how the busy and continually watchful and speculating
Friedrich, busied about his dangers from Austrian encroachments,
from Russian-Turk Wars, Bavarian Successions, and other troubles
and anarchies close by, saw nothing to dread in France; nothing to
remark there, except carelessly, from time to time, its beggarly
decaying condition, so strangely sunk in arts, in arms, in finance;
oftenest an object of pity to him, for he still has a love for
France;--and reads not the least sign of that immeasurable, all-
engulfing FRENCH REVOLUTION which was in the wind! Neither Voltaire
nor he have the least anticipation of such a thing. Voltaire and he
see, to their contentment, Superstition visibly declining:
Friedrich rather disapproves the heat of Voltaire's procedures on
the INFAME. "Why be in such heat? Other nonsense, quite equal to
it, will be almost sure to follow. Take care of your own skin!"
Voltaire and he are deeply alive, especially Voltaire is, to the
horrors and miseries which have issued on mankind from a Fanatic
Popish Superstition, or Creed of Incredibilities,--which (except
from the throat outwards, from the bewildered tongue outwards) the
orthodox themselves cannot believe, but only pretend and struggle
to believe. This Voltaire calls "THE INFAMOUS;" and this--what name
can any of us give it? The man who believes in falsities is very
miserable. The man who cannot believe them, but only struggles and
pretends to believe; and yet, being armed with the power of the
sword, industriously keeps menacing and slashing all round, to
compel every neighbor to do like him: what is to be done with such
a man? Human Nature calls him a Social Nuisance; needing to be
handcuffed, gagged and abated. Human Nature, if it be in a
terrified and imperilled state, with the sword of this fellow
swashing round it, calls him "Infamous," and a Monster of Chaos.
He is indeed the select Monster of that region; the Patriarch of
all the Monsters, little as he dreams of being such. An Angel of
Heaven the poor caitiff dreams himself rather, and in cheery
moments is conscious of being:--Bedlam holds in it no madder
article. And I often think he will again need to be tied up (feeble
as he now is in comparison, disinclined though men are to manacling
and tying); so many helpless infirm souls are wandering about, not
knowing their right hand from their left, who fall a prey to him.
"L'INFAME" I also name him,--knowing well enough how little he, in
his poor muddled, drugged and stupefied mind, is conscious of
deserving that name. More signal enemy to God, and friend of the
Other Party, walks not the Earth in our day.
Anarchy in the shape of religious slavery was what Voltaire and
Friedrich saw all round them. Anarchy in the shape of Revolt
against Authorities was what Friedrich and Voltaire had never
dreamed of as possible, and had not in their minds the least idea
of. In one, or perhaps two places you may find in Voltaire a grim
and rather glad forethought, not given out as prophecy, but felt as
interior assurance in a moment of hope, How these Priestly Sham
Hierarchies will be pulled to pieces, probably on the sudden, once
people are awake to them. Yes, my much-suffering M. de Voltaire, be
pulled to pieces; or go aloft, like the awakening of Vesuvius, one
day,--Vesuvius awakening after ten centuries of slumber, when his
crater is all grown grassy, bushy, copiously "tenanted by wolves" I
am told; which, after premonitory grumblings, heeded by no wolf or
bush, he will hurl bodily aloft, ten acres at a time, in a very
tremendous manner! [First modern Eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 1631,
after long interval of rest.] A thought like this, about the
Priestly Sham-Hierarchies, I have found somewhere in Voltaire:
but of the Social and Civic Sham-Hierarchies (which are likewise
accursed, if they knew it, and indeed are junior co-partners of the
Priestly; and, in a sense, sons and products of them, and cannot
escape being partakers of their plagues), there is no hint, in
Voltaire, though Voltaire stood at last only fifteen years from the
Fact (1778-1793); nor in Friedrich, though he lived almost to see
the Fact beginning.
Friedrich's History being henceforth that of a Prussian King, is
interesting to Prussia chiefly, and to us little otherwise than as
the Biography of a distinguished fellow-man, Friedrich's Biography,
his Physiognomy as he grows old, quietly on his own harvest-field,
among his own People: this has still an interest, and for any
feature of this we shall be eager enough; but this withal is the
most of what we now want. And not very much even of this;
Friedrich the unique King not having as a man any such depth and
singularity, tragic, humorous, devotionally pious, or other, as to
authorize much painting in that aspect. Extreme brevity beseems us
in these circumstances: and indeed there are,--as has already
happened in different parts of this Enterprise (Nature herself, in
her silent way, being always something of an Artist in such
things),--other circumstances, which leave us no choice as to that
of detail. Available details, if we wished to give them, of
Friedrich's later Life, are not forthcoming: masses of incondite
marine-stores, tumbled out on you, dry rubbish shot with uncommon
diligence for a hundred years, till, for Rubbish-Pelion piled on
Rubbish-Ossa, you lose sight of the stars and azimuths;
whole mountain continents, seemingly all of cinders and sweepings
(though fragments and remnants do lie hidden, could you find them
again):---these are not details that will be available!
Anecdotes there are in quantity; but of uncertain quality;
of doubtful authenticity, above all. One recollects hardly any
Anecdote whatever that seems completely credible, or renders to us
the Physiognomy of Friedrich in a convincing manner. So remiss a
creature has the Prussian Clio been,--employed on all kinds of
loose errands over the Earth and the Air; and as good as altogether
negligent of this most pressing errand in her own House. Peace be
with her, poor slut; why should we say one other hard word on
taking leave of her to all eternity!--
The Practical fact is, what we have henceforth to produce is more
of the nature of a loose Appendix of Papers, than of a finished
Narrative. Loose Papers,--which, we will hope, the reader can, by
industry, be made to understand and tolerate: more we cannot do for
him. No continuous Narrative is henceforth possible to us. For the
sake of Friedrich's closing Epoch, we will visit, for the last
time, that dreary imbroglio under which the memory of Friedrich,
which ought to have been, in all the epochs of it, bright and
legible, lies buried; and will try to gather, as heretofore, and
put under labels. What dwells with oneself as human may have some
chance to be humanly interesting. In the wildest chaos of marine-
stores and editorial shortcomings (provided only the editors speak
truth, as these poor fellows do) THIS can be done. Part the living
from the dead; pick out what has some meaning, leave carefully what
has none; you will in some small measure pluck up the memory of a
hero, like drowned honor by the locks, and rescue it,
into visibility.
That Friedrich, on reaching home, made haste to get out, of the
bustle of joyances and exclamations on the streets; proceeded
straight to his music-chapel in Charlottenburg, summoning the
Artists, or having them already summoned; and had there, all alone,
sitting invisible wrapt in his cloak, Graun's or somebody's grand
TE-DEUM pealed out to him, in seas of melody,--soothing and
salutary to the altered soul, revolving many things,--is a popular
myth, of pretty and appropriate character; but a myth only, with no
real foundation, though it has some loose and apparent.
[In PREUSS, ii. 46, all the details of it.] No doubt, Friedrich had
his own thoughts on entering Berlin again, after such a voyage
through the deeps; himself, his Country still here, though solitary
and in a world of wild shipwrecks. He was not without piety; but it
did not take the devotional form, and his habits had nothing of
the clerical.
What is perfectly known, and much better worth knowing, is the
instantaneous practical alacrity with which he set about repairing
that immense miscellany of ruin; and the surprising success he had
in dealing with it. His methods, his rapid inventions and
procedures, in this matter, are still memorable to Prussia;
and perhaps might with advantage be better known than they are in
some other Countries. To us, what is all we can do with them here,
they will indicate that this is still the old Friedrich, with his
old activities and promptitudes; which indeed continue unabated,
lively in Peace as in War, to the end of his life and reign.
The speed with which Prussia recovered was extraordinary.
Within little more than a year (June 1st, 1764), the Coin was all
in order again; in 1765, the King had rebuilt, not to mention other
things, "in Silesia 8,000 Houses, in Pommern 6,500." [Rodenbeck,
ii. 234, 261.] Prussia has been a meritorious Nation; and, however
cut and ruined, is and was in a healthy state, capable of
recovering soon. Prussia has defended itself against overwhelming
odds,--brave Prussia; but the real soul of its merit was that of
having merited such a King to command it. Without this King, all
its valors, disciplines, resources of war, would have availed
Prussia little. No wonder Prussia has still a loyalty to its great
Friedrich, to its Hohenzollern Sovereigns generally. Without these
Hohenzollerns, Prussia had been, what we long ago saw it, the
unluckiest of German Provinces; and could never have had the
pretension to exist as a Nation at all. Without this particular
Hohenzollern, it had been trampled out again, after apparently
succeeding. To have achieved a Friedrich the Second for King over
it, was Prussia's grand merit.
An accidental merit, thinks the reader? No, reader, you may believe
me, it is by no means altogether such. Nay, I rather think, could
we look into the Account-Books of the Recording Angel for a course
of centuries, no part of it is such! There are Nations in which a
Friedrich is, or can be, possible; and again there are Nations in
which he is not and cannot. To be practically reverent of Human
Worth to the due extent, and abhorrent of Human Want of Worth in
the like proportion, do you understand that art at all? I fear,
not,--or that you are much forgetting it again! Human Merit, do you
really love it enough, think you;--human Scoundrelism (brought to
the dock for you, and branded as scoundrel), do you even abhor it
enough? Without that reverence and its corresponding opposite-pole
of abhorrence, there is simply no possibility left. That, my
friend, is the outcome and summary of all virtues in this world,
for a man or for a Nation of men. It is the supreme strength and
glory of a Nation;--without which, indeed, all other strengths, and
enormities of bullion and arsenals and warehouses, are no strength.
None, I should say;--and are oftenest even the REVERSE.
Nations who have lost this quality, or who never had it, what
Friedrich can they hope to be possible among them? Age after age
they grind down their Friedrichs contentedly under the hoofs of
cattle on their highways; and even find it an excellent practice,
and pride themselves on Liberty and Equality. Most certain it is,
there will no Friedrich come to rule there; by and by, there will
none be born there. Such Nations cannot have a King to command
them; can only have this or the other scandalous swindling Copper
Captain, constitutional Gilt Mountebank, or other the like
unsalutary entity by way of King; and the sins of the fathers are
visited upon the children in a frightful and tragical manner,
little noticed in the Penny Newspapers and Periodical Literatures
of this generation. Oh, my friends--! But there is plain Business
waiting us at hand.
Chapter II.
REPAIRING OF A RUINED PRUSSIA.
That of Friedrich's sitting wrapt in a cloud of reflections
Olympian-Abysmal, in the music-chapel at Charlottenburg, while he
had the Ambrosian Song executed for him there, as the preliminary
step, was a loose myth; but the fact lying under it is abundantly
certain. Few Sons of Adam had more reason for a piously thankful
feeling towards the Past, a piously valiant towards the Future.
What king or man had seen himself delivered from such strangling
imbroglios of destruction, such devouring rages of a hostile world?
And the ruin worked by them lay monstrous and appalling all round.
Friedrich is now Fifty-one gone; unusually old for his age;
feels himself an old man, broken with years and toils; and here
lies his Kingdom in haggard slashed condition, worn to skin and
bone: How is the King, resourceless, to remedy it? That is now the
seemingly impossible problem. "Begin it,--thereby alone will it
ever cease to be impossible!" Friedrich begins, we may say, on the
first morrow morning. Labors at his problem, as he did in the march
to Leuthen; finds it to become more possible, day after day, month
after month, the farther he strives with it.
"Why not leave it to Nature?" think many, with the Dismal Science
at their elbow. Well; that was the easiest plan, but it was not
Friedrich's. His remaining moneys, 25 million thalers ready for a
Campaign which has not come, he distributes to the most
necessitous: "all his artillery-horses" are parted into plough-
teams, and given to those who can otherwise get none: think what a
fine figure of rye and barley, instead of mere windlestraws,
beggary and desolation, was realized by that act alone. Nature is
ready to do much; will of herself cover, with some veil of grass
and lichen, the nakedness of ruin: but her victorious act, when she
can accomplish it, is that of getting YOU to go with her
handsomely, and change disaster itself into new wealth. Into new
wisdom and valor, which are wealth in all kinds; California mere
zero to them, zero, or even a frightful MINUS quantity!
Friedrich's procedures in this matter I believe to be little less
didactic than those other, which are so celebrated in War: but no
Dryasdust, not even a Dryasdust of the Dismal Science, has gone
into them, rendered men familiar with them in their details and
results. His Silesian Land-Bank (joint-stock Moneys, lent on
security of Land) was of itself, had I room to explain it, an
immense furtherance. [Preuss, iii. 75; OEuvres de
Frederic, vi. 84.] Friedrich, many tell us, was as
great in Peace as in War: and truly, in the economic and material
provinces, my own impression, gathered painfully in darkness, and
contradiction of the Dismal-Science Doctors, is much to that
effect. A first-rate Husbandman (as his Father had been); who not
only defended his Nation, but made it rich beyond what seemed
possible; and diligently sowed annuals into it, and perennials
which flourish aloft at this day.
Mirabeau's Monarchie Prussienne, in 8 thick
Volumes 8vo,--composed, or hastily cobbled together, some Twenty
years after this period,--contains the best tabular view one
anywhere gets of Friedrich's economics, military and other
practical methods and resources:--solid exact Tables these are, and
intelligent intelligible descriptions, done by Mauvillon FILS, the
same punctual Major Mauvillon who used to attend us in Duke
Ferdinand's War;--and so far as Mirabeau is concerned, the Work
consists farther of a certain small Essay done in big type, shoved
into the belly of each Volume, and eloquently recommending, with
respectful censures and regrets over Friedrich, the Gospel of Free
Trade, dear to Papa Mirabeau. The Son is himself a convert; far
above lying, even to please Papa: but one can see, the thought of
Papa gives him new fire of expression. They are eloquent, ruggedly
strong Essays, those of Mirabeau Junior upon Free Trade:
--they contain, in condensed shape, everything we were privileged
to hear, seventy years later, from all organs, coach-horns, jews-
harps and scrannel-pipes, PRO and CONTRA, on the same sublime
subject: "God is great, and Plugson of Undershot is his Prophet.
Thus saith the Lord, Buy in the cheapest market, sell in the
dearest!" To which the afflicted human mind listens what it can;--
and after seventy years, mournfully asks itself and Mirabeau,
"M. le Comte, would there have been in Prussia, for example, any
Trade at all, any Nation at all, had it always been left 'Free'?
There would have been mere sand and quagmire, and a community of
wolves and bisons, M. le Comte. Have the goodness to terminate that
Litany, and take up another!"
We said, Friedrich began his problem on the first morrow morning;
and that is literally true, that or even MORE. Here is how
Friedrich takes his stand amid the wreck, speedy enough to begin:
this view of our old friend Nussler and him is one of the Pieces we
can give,--thanks to Herr Busching and his Beitrage
italic> for the last time! Nussler is now something of a Country
Gentleman, so to speak; has a pleasant place out to east of Berlin;
is LANDRATH (County Chairman) there, "Landrath of Nether-Barnim
Circle;" where we heard of the Cossacks spoiling him: he, as who
not, has suffered dreadfully in these tumults. Here is Busching's
welcome Account.
LANDRATH NUSSLER AND THE KING (30th March-3d April, 1763).
"MARCH 30th, 1763, Friedrich, on his return to Berlin, came by the
route of Tassdorf,"--Tassdorf, in Nether-Barnim Circle (40 odd
miles from Frankfurt, and above 15 from Berlin);--"and changed
horses there. During this little pause, among a crowd assembled to
see him, he was addressed by Nussler, Landrath of the Circle, who
had a very piteous story to tell. Nussler wished the King joy of
his noble victories, and of the glorious Peace at last achieved:
'May your Majesty reign in health and happiness over us many years,
to the blessing of us all!'--and recommended to his gracious care
the extremely ruined, and, especially by the Russians, uncommonly
devastated Circle, for which," continues Busching "this industrious
Landrath had not hitherto been able to extract any effective help."
Generally for the Provinces wasted by the Russians there had
already some poor 300,000 thalers (45,000 pounds) been allowed by a
helpful Majesty, not over-rich himself at the moment; and of this,
Nether-Barnim no doubt gets its share: but what is this to such
ruin as there is? A mere preliminary drop, instead of the bucket
and buckets we need!--Busching, a dull, though solid accurate kind
of man, heavy-footed, and yet always in a hurry, always slipshod,
has nothing of dramatic here; far from it; but the facts themselves
fall naturally into that form,--in Three Scenes:--
I. TASSDORF (still two hours from Berlin), KING, NUSSLER AND A
CROWD OF PEOPLE, Nussler ALONE DARING TO SPEAK.
KING (from his Carriage, ostlers making despatch). "What is your
Circle most short of?"
LANDRATH NUSSLER. "Of horses for ploughing the seedfields of rye to
sow them, and of bread till the crops come."
KING. "Rye for bread, and to sow with, I will give; with horses I
cannot assist."
NUSSLER. "On representation of Privy-Councillor van Brenkenhof [the
Minister concerned with such things], your Majesty has been pleased
to give the Neumark and Pommern an allowance of Artillery and
Commissariat Horses: but poor Nether-Barnim, nobody will speak for
it; and unless your Majesty's gracious self please to take pity on
it, Nether-Barnim is lost!" (A great many things more he said, in
presence of a large crowd of men who had gathered round the King's
Carriage as the horses were being changed; and spoke with such
force and frankness that the King was surprised, and asked:)--
KING. "Who are you?" (has forgotten the long-serviceable man!)
NUSSLER. "I am the Nussler who was lucky enough to manage the
Fixing of the Silesian Boundaries for your Majesty!"
KING. "JA, JA, now I know you again! Bring me all the Landraths of
the Kurmark [Mark of Brandenburg Proper, ELECTORAL Mark] in a body;
I will speak with them."
NUSSLER. "All of them but two are in Berlin already."
KING. "Send off estafettes for those two to come at once to Berlin;
and on Thursday," day after to-morrow, "come yourself, with all the
others, to the Schloss to me: I will then have some closer
conversation, and say what I can and will do for helping of the
country," (King's Carriage rolls away, with low bows and blessings
from Nussler and everybody).
II. THURSDAY, APRIL 1st, NUSSLER AND ASSEMBLED LANDRATHS AT THE
SCHLOSS OF BERLIN. To them, enter KING. ...
NUSSLER (whom they have appointed spokesman). ... "Your Majesty has
given us Peace; you will also give us Well-being in the Land again:
we leave it to Highest-the-Same's gracious judgment [no limit to
Highest-the-Same's POWER, it would seem] what you will vouchsafe to
us as indemnification for the Russian plunderings."
KING. "Be you quiet; let me speak. Have you got a pencil (HAT ER
CRAYON)? Yes! Well then, write, and these Gentlemen shall dictate
to you:--
"'How much rye for bread; How much for seed; How many Horses, Oxen,
Cows, their Circles do in an entirely pressing way require?'
"Consider all that to the bottom; and come to me again the day
after to-morrow. But see that you fix everything with the utmost
exactitude, for I cannot give much." (EXIT King.)
NUSSLER (to the Landraths). "MEINE HERREN, have the goodness to
accompany me to our Landschaft House [we have a kind of County
Hall, it seems]; there we will consider everything."
And Nussler, guiding the deliberations, which are glad to follow
him on every point, and writing as PRO-TEMPORE Secretary, has all
things brought to luminous Protocol in the course of this day
and next.
III. SATURDAY, APRIL 3d, IN THE SCHLOSS AGAIN: NUSSLER AND
LANDRATHS. To them, the KING.
Nussler. "We deliver to your Majesty the written Specification you
were graciously pleased to command of us. It contains only the
indispensablest things that the Circles are in need of.
Moreover, it regards only the STANDE [richer Nobility], who pay
contribution; the Gentry [ADEL], and other poor people, who have
been utterly plundered out by the Russians, are not included in
it:--the Gentry too have suffered very much by the War and
the Plundering."
KING. "What EDELLEUTE that are members of STANDE have you [ER] got
in your Circle?"
NUSSLER (names them; and, as finis of the list, adds): ...
"I myself, too, your Majesty, I have suffered more than anybody:
I absolutely could not furnish those 4,000 bushels of meal ordered
of me by the Russians; upon which they--"
KING. "I cannot give to all: but if you have poor Nobles in
your Circle, who can in no way help themselves, I will give
them something."
NUSSLER (has not any in Nether-Barnim who are altogether in that
extreme predicament; but knows several in Lebus Circle, names them
to the King;--and turning to the Landrath of Lebus, and to another
who is mute): "Herr, you can name some more in Lebus; and you, in
Teltow Circle, Herr Landrath, since his Majesty permits." ... In a
word, the King having informed himself and declared his intention,
Nussler leads the Landraths to their old County Hall, and brings to
Protocol what had taken place.
Next day, the Kammer President (Exchequer President), Van der
Groben, had Nussler, with other Landraths, to dinner.
During dinner, there came from Head Secretary Eichel (Majesty's
unwearied Clerk of the PELLS, Sheepskins, or PAPERS) an earnest
request to Von der Groben for help,--Eichel not being able to
remember, with the requisite precision, everything his Majesty had
bid him put down on this matter. "You will go, Herr von Nussler;
be so kind, won't you?" And Nussler went, and fully illuminated
Eichel. ...
To the poorest of the Nobility, Busching tells us, what is
otherwise well known, the King gave considerable sums: to one
Circle 12,000 pounds, to another 9,000 pounds, 6,000 pounds, and so
on. By help of which bounties, and of Nussler laboring incessantly
with all his strength, Nieder-Barnim Circle got on its feet again,
no subject having been entirely ruined, but all proving able to
recover. [Busching, Beitrage (º Nussler),
i. 401-405.]
This Busching Fragment is not in the style of the Elder Dramatists,
or for the Bankside Theatre; but this represents a Fact which
befell in God's Creation, and may have an interest of its own to
the Practical Soul, especially in anarchic Countries, far advanced
in the "Gold-nugget and Nothing to Buy with it" Career of
unexampled Prosperities.
On these same errands the King is soon going on an Inspection
Journey, where we mean to accompany. But first, one word, and one
will suffice, on the debased Coin. The Peace was no sooner signed,
than Friedrich proceeded on the Coin. The third week after his
arrival home, there came out a salutary Edict on it, April 21st;
King eager to do it without loss of time, yet with the deliberation
requisite. Not at one big leap, which might shake, to danger of
oversetting, much commercial arrangement; but at two leaps, with a
halfway station intervening. Halfway station, with a new coinage
ready, much purer of alloy (and marked HOW much, for the benefit of
parties with accounts to settle), is to commence on TRINITATIS
(Whitsunday) instant; from and after Whitsunday the improved new
coin to be sole legal tender, till farther notice. Farther notice
comes accordingly, within a year, March 29th, 1764: "Pure money of
the standard of 1750 [honest silver coinage: readers may remember
Linsenbarth, the CANDIDATUS THEOLOGIAE, and his sack of Batzen,
confiscated at the Paekhof] shall be ready on the 1st of June
instant;" [Rodenbeck, ii. 214, 234.]--from and after which day we
hear no more of that sad matter. Finished off in about fourteen
months. Here, meanwhile, is the Inspection Journey.
KRIEGSRATH RODEN AND THE KING (6th-13th June, 1763).
JUNE 2d, 1763, Friedrich left Potsdam for Westphalia; got as far as
Magdeburg that day. Intends seeing into matters with his own eyes
in that region, as in others, after so long and sad an absence.
There are with him Friedrich Wilhelm Prince of Prussia, a tall
young fellow of nineteen; General-Adjutant von Anhalt; and one or
two Prussian military people. From Magdeburg and onwards the great
Duke Ferdinand accompanies,--who is now again Governor of
Magdeburg, and a quiet Prussian Officer as heretofore, though with
excellent Pensions from England, and glory from all the world.
The Royal Party goes by Halberstadt, which suffered greatly in the
War; thence by MINDEN (June 4th); and the first thing next day,
Friedrich takes view of the BATTLE-FIELD there,--under Ferdinand's
own guidance, doubtless; and an interesting thing to both Friedrich
and him, though left silent to us. This done, they start for
Lippstadt, are received there under joyous clangorous outburst of
all the bells and all the honors, that same afternoon; and towards
sunset, Hamm being the Night-quarter ahead, are crossing
VELLINGHAUSEN BATTLE-GROUND,--where doubtless Ferdinand again, like
a dutiful apprentice, will explain matters to his old master, so
far as needful or permissible. The conversation, I suppose, may
have been lively and miscellaneous: Ferdinand mentions a clever
business-person of the name of Roden, whom he has known in these
parts; "Roden?" the King carefully makes note;--and, in fact, we
shall see Roden presently; and his bit of DIALOGUE with the King
(recorded by his own hand) is our chief errand on this Journey.
From Hamm, next morning (June 6th), they get to Wesel by 11 A.M.
(only sixty miles); Wesel all in gala, as Lippstadt was, or still
more than Lippstadt; and for four days farther, they continue there
very busy. As Roden is our chief errand, let us attend to Roden.
WESEL, MONDAY, JUNE 6th, "Dinner being done," says an authentic
Third-Party, [Rodenbeck, ii. 217.] "the King had Kammer-Director
Meyen summoned to him with his Register-Books, Schedules and
Reports [what they call ETATS]; and was but indifferently contented
with Meyen and them." And in short, "ordering Meyen to remodel
these into a more distinct condition,"--we may now introduce the
Herr Kriegsrath Roden, a subaltern, in rank, but who has perhaps a
better head than Meyen, to judge of these ETATS. Roden himself
shall now report. This is the Royal Dialogue with Roden;
accurately preserved for us by him;--I wish it had been better
worth the reader's trouble; but its perfect credibility in every
point will be some recommendation to it.
"MONDAY, 6th JUNE, 1763, about 11 A.M., his Majesty arrived in
Wesel," says Roden (confirming to us the authentic Third-Party);
"I waited on Adjutant-General Colonel von Anhalt to announce
myself; who referred me to Kriegsrath Coper ["MEIN SEGRETER KOPER"
is a name we have heard before], who told me to be ready so soon as
Dinner should be over. Dinner was no sooner over [2 P.M. or so],
than the Herr Kammer-Director Meyen with his ETATS was called in.
His Majesty was not content with these, Herr Meyen was told;
and they were to be remodelled into a more distinct condition.
The instant Herr Meyen stept out, I was called in. His Majesty was
standing with his back to the fire; and said:--
KING. "'Come nearer [Roden comes nearer]. Prince Ferdinand [of
Brunswick, whom we generally call DUKE and great, to distinguish
him from a little Prussian Prince Ferdinand] has told me much good
of you: where do you come from?'
RODEN. "'From Soest' [venerable "stone-old" little Town, in
Vellinghausen region].
KING. "'Did you get my Letter?'
RODEN. "'Yea, IHRO MAJESTAT.'
KING. "'I will give you some employment. Have you got a pencil?'
RODEN. "'Yea' [and took out his Note-book and tools, which he had
"bought in a shop a quarter of an hour before"].
KING. "'Listen. By the War many Houses have got ruined: I mean that
they shall be put in order again; for which end,--to those that
cannot themselves help, particularly to Soest, Hamm, Lunen and in
part Wesel, as places that have suffered most,--I intend to give
the moneys. Now you must make me an exact List of what is to be
done in those places. Thus [King, lifting his finger, let us fancy,
dictates; Roden, with brand-new pencil and tablets, writes:]
"'1. In each of those Towns, how many ruined Houses there are which
the proprietors themselves can manage to rebuild. 2. How many which
the proprietors cannot. 3. The vacant grounds or steadings of such
proprietors as are perhaps dead, or gone else-whither, must be
given to others that are willing to build: but in regard to this,
Law also must do its part, and the absent and the heirs must be
cited to say, Whether they will themselves build? and in case they
won't, the steadings can then be given to others.'"
Roden having written,--
KING. "'In the course of six days you must be ready [what an
expeditious King! Is to be at Cleve the sixth day hence: Meet me
there, then],--longer I cannot give you.'
RODEN (considering a moment). "'If your Majesty will permit me to
use ESTAFETTES [express messengers] for the Towns farthest off,--as
I cannot myself, within the time, travel over all the Towns,--I
hope to be ready.'
KING. "'That I permit; and will repay you the ESTAFETTE moneys.--
Tell me, How comes the decrease of population in these parts?
Recruits I got none.'
RODEN. "'Under favor of your Majesty, Regiment Schenkendorf got,
every year, for recompletion, what recruits were wanted, from its
Canton in the Grafschaft Mark here.'
KING. "'There you may be right: but from Cleve Country we had no
recruits; not we, though the Austrians had, [with a slight sarcasm
of tone].
RODEN. "'Out of Cleve, so far as I know, there were no recruits
delivered to the Austrians.'
KING. "'You could not know; you were with the Allied Army' [Duke
Ferdinand's, commissariating and the like, where Duke Ferdinand
recognized you to have a head].
RODEN. "'There have been many epidemic diseases too; especially in
Soest;--after the Battle of Vellinghausen all the wounded were
brought thither, and the hospitals were established there.'
KING. "'Epidemic diseases they might have got without a Battle
[dislikes hearing ill of the soldier trade]. I will have Order sent
to the Cleve Kammer, Not to lay hindrance in your way, but the
contrary. Now God keep you (GOTT BEWAHRE IHN).'"--EXIT Roden;--
"DARAUF RETIRIRTE MICH," says he;-- but will reappear shortly.
Sunday, 12th June, is the sixth day hence; later than the end of
Sunday is not permissible to swift Roden; nor does he need it.
Friday, 10th, Friedrich left Wesel; crossed the Rhine, intending
for Cleve; went by CREFELD,--at Crefeld had view of another BATTLE-
FIELD, under good ciceroneship; remarks or circumstances otherwise
not given:--and, next day, Saturday, 11th, picked up D'Alembert,
who, by appointment, is proceeding towards Potsdam, at a more
leisurely rate. That same Saturday, after much business done, the
King was at Kempen, thence at Geldern; speeding for Cleve itself,
due there that night. At Geldern, we say, he picked up D'Alembert;
--concerning whom, more by and by. And finally, "on Saturday night,
about half-past 8, the King entered Cleve," amid joyances
extraordinary, hut did not alight; drove direct through by the
Nassau Gate, and took quarter "in the neighboring Country-house of
Bellevue, with the Dutch General von Spaen there,"--an obliging
acquaintance once, while LIEUTENANT Spaen, in our old Crown-Prince
times of trouble! Had his year in Spandau for us there, while poor
Katte lost his head! To whom, I have heard, the King talked
charmingly on this occasion, but was silent as to old Potsdam
matters. [Supra, vii. 165.]--
By his set day, Roden is also in Cleve, punctual man, finished or
just finishing; and ready for summons by his Majesty.
And accordingly:--
"CLEVE, MONDAY, JUNE 13th, At 9 in the morning," records he, "I had
audience of the King's Majesty. [In Spaen's Villa of Bellevue,
shall we still suppose? Duke Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia and the
rest, have bestowed themselves in other fit houses; D'Alembert
too,--who is to make direct for Potsdam henceforth, by his own
route; and will meet us on arriving.]--I handed him my Report, with
the Tabular Schedule. His Majesty read it carefully through, in my
presence; and examined all of it with strictness. Was pleased to
signify his satisfaction with my work. Resolved to allow 250,000
thalers (37,500 pounds) for this business of Rebuilding; gave out
the due Orders to his Kammer, in consequence, and commanded me to
arrange with the Kammer what was necessary. This done, his
Majesty said:--
KING. "'What you were described to me, I find you to be. You are a
diligent laborious man; I must have you nearer to me;--in the
Berlin Hammer you ought to be. You shall have a good, a right good
Salary; your Patent I will give you gratis; also a VORSPANN-PASS
[Standing Order available at all Prussian Post-Stations] for two
carriages [rapid Program of the thing, though yet distant, rising
in the Royal fancy!]. Now serve on as faithfully as you have
hitherto done.'
RODEN. "'That is the object of all my endeavors.'" (EXIT:--I did
not hear specially whitherward just now; but he comes to be supreme
Kammer-President in those parts by and by.)
"The Herr Kriegsrath Coper was present, and noted all the Orders to
he expedited." [Preuss, ii. 442; Rodenbeck, ii. 217, 218: in regard
to D'Alembert, see OEuvres de Frederic,
xxiv. 190.]
These snatches of notice at first-hand, and what the reader's fancy
may make of these, are all we can bestow on this Section of
Friedrich's Labors; which is naturally more interesting to Prussian
readers than to English. He has himself given lucid and eloquent
account of it,--Two ample Chapters, "DES FINANCES;"
"DU MILITAIRE," [ OEuvres de Frederic, vii.
73-90, 91-109.]--altogether pleasant reading, should there still be
curiosity upon it. There is something of flowingly eloquent in
Friedrich's account of this Battle waged against the inanimate
Chaos; something of exultant and triumphant, not noticeable of him
in regard to his other Victories. On the Leuthens, Rossbachs, he is
always cold as water, and nobody could gather that he had the least
pleasure in recording them. Not so here. And indeed here he is as
beautiful as anywhere; and the reader, as a general son of Adam,--
proud to see human intellect and heroism slaying that kind of
lions, and doing what in certain sad epochs is unanimously voted to
be impossible and unattemptable,--exults along with him;
and perhaps whispers to his own poor heart, nearly choked by the
immeasurable imbroglio of Blue-books and Parliamentary Eloquences
which for the present encumber Heaven and Earth, "MELIORA SPERO."
To Mirabeau, the following details, from first-hand, but already of
twenty-three years distance, were not known, [Appeared first in
Tome v. of "OEuvres Posthumes de Frederic II."
italic> (are in Tome vi. of Preuss's Edition of OEUVRES), "Berlin,
1788;"--above a year after Mirabeau had left.] while he sat penning
those robust Essays on the Duty of LEAVE-ALONE.
"To form an idea of the general subversion," says the King, in
regard to 1763, "and how great were the desolation and
discouragement, you must represent to yourself Countries entirely
ravaged, the very traces of the old habitations hardly
discoverable; Towns, some ruined from top to bottom, others half
destroyed by fire;--13,000 Houses, of which the very vestiges were
gone. No field in seed; no grain for the food of the inhabitants;
60,000 horses needed, if there was to be ploughing carried on:
in the Provinces generally Half a Million Population (500,000) less
than in 1756,--that is to say, upon only Four Millions and a Half,
the ninth man was wanting. Noble and Peasant had been pillaged,
ransomed, foraged, eaten out by so many different Armies;
nothing now left them but life and miserable rags.
"There was no credit, by trading people, even for the daily
necessaries of life." And furthermore, what we were not prepared
for, "No police in the Towns: to habits of equity and order had
succeeded a vile greed of gain and an anarchic disorder.
The Colleges of Justice and of Finance had, by these frequent
invasions of so many enemies, been reduced to inaction:" no Judge,
in many places not even a Tax-gatherer: the silence of the Laws had
produced in the people a taste for license; boundless appetite for
gain was their main rule of action: the noble, the merchant, the
farmer, the laborer, raising emulously each the price of his
commodity, seemed to endeavor only for their mutual ruin.
Such, when the War ended, was the fatal spectacle over these
Provinces, which had once been so flourishing: however pathetic the
description may be, it will never approach the touching and
sorrowful impression which the sight of it produced."
Friedrich found that it would never do to trust to the mere aid of
Time in such circumstances: at the end of the Thirty-Years War,
"Time" had, owing to absolute want of money, been the one recipe of
the Great Elector in a similar case; and Time was then found to
mean "about a hundred Years." Friedrich found that he must at once
step in with active remedies, and on all hands strive to make the
impossible possible. Luckily he had in readiness, as usual, the
funds for an Eighth Campaign, had such been needed. Out of these
moneys he proceeded to rebuild the Towns and Villages; "from the
Corn-Stores (GRANARIES D'ABONDANCE," Government establishments
gathered from plentiful harvests against scarce, according to old
rule) "were taken the supplies for food of the people and sowing of
the ground: the horses intended for the artillery, baggage and
commissariat," 60,000 horses we have heard, "were distributed among
those who had none, to be employed in tillage of the land.
Silesia was discharged from all taxes for six months; Pommern and
the Neumark for two years. A sum of about Three Million sterling
[in THALERS 20,389,000] was given for relief of the Provinces, and
as acquittance of the impositions the Enemy had wrung from them.
"Great as was this expense, it was necessary and indispensable.
The condition of these Provinces after the Peace of Hubertsburg
recalled what we know of them when the Peace of Munster closed the
famous Thirty-Years War. On that occasion the State failed of help
from want of means; which put it, out, of the Great Elector's power
to assist his people: and what happened? That a whole century
elapsed before his Successors could restore the Towns and
Champaigns to what they were. This impressive example was
admonitory to the King: that to repair the Public Calamities,
assistance must be prompt and effective. Repeated gifts (LARGESSES)
restored courage to the poor Husbandmen, who began to despair of
their lot; by the helps given, hope in all classes sprang up anew:
encouragement of labor produced activity; love of Country rose
again with fresh life: in a word [within the second year in a
markedly hopeful manner, and within seven years altogether], the
fields were cultivated again, manufacturers had resumed their work;
and the Police, once more in vigor, corrected by degrees the vices
that had taken root during the time of anarchy." [ OEuvres
de Frederic, vi. 74, 75.]
To Friedrich's difficulties, which were not inconsiderable, mark
only this last additament: "During this War, the elder of the
Councillors, and all the Ministers of the Grand Directorium [centre
of Prussian Administration], had successively died: and in such
time of trouble it had been impossible to replace them.
The embarrassment was, To find persons capable of filling these
different employments [some would have very soon done it, your
Majesty; but their haste would not have tended to speed!]--We
searched the Provinces (ON FOUILLA, sifted), where good heads were
found as rare as in the Capital: at length five Chief Ministers
were pitched upon,"--who prove to be tolerable, and even good.
Three of them were, the VONS Blumenthal, Massow, Hagen, unknown to
readers here: fourth and fifth were, the Von Wedell as War-
Minister, once Dictator at Zullichan; and a Von der Horst, who had
what we might partially call the Home Department, and who may by
accident once or so be namable again.
Nor was War all, says the King: "accidental Fires in different
places," while we struggled to repair the ravagings of War, "were
of unexampled frequency, and did immense farther damage. From 1765
to 1769, here is the list of places burnt: In East Preussen, the
City of Konigsberg twice over; in Silesia, the Towns of Freystadt,
Ober-Glogau [do readers recollect Manteuffel of Foot and "WIR
WOLLEN IHM WAS"!], Parchwitz, Naumburg-on-Queiss, and Goldberg;
in the Mark, Nauen; in the Neumark, Calies and a part of Lansberg;
in Pommern, Belgard and Tempelburg. These accidents required
incessantly new expenditures to repair them."
Friedrich was not the least of a Free Trader, except where it
suited him: and his continual subventions and donations, guidances,
encouragements, commandings and prohibitions, wise supervision and
impulsion,--are a thing I should like to hear an intelligent
Mirabeau (Junior or Senior) discourse upon, after he had well
studied them! For example: "ON RENDIT LES PRETRES UTILES, The
Priests, Catholic Priests, were turned to use by obliging all the
rich Abbeys to establish manufactures: here it was weavers making
damasks and table-cloths; there oil-mills [oil from linseed];
or workers in copper, wire-drawers; as suited the localities and
the natural products,--the flaxes and the metals, with water-power,
markets, and so on." What a charming resuscitation of the rich
Abbeys from their dormant condition!
I should like still better to explain how, in Lower Silesia, "we
(ON) managed to increase the number of Husbandmen by 4,000
families. You will be surprised how it was possible to multiply to
this extent the people living by Agriculture in a Country where
already not a field was waste. The reason was this. Many Lords of
Land, to increase their Domain, had imperceptibly appropriated to
themselves the holdings (TERRES) of their vassals. Had this abuse
been suffered to go on, in time a great"-- But the commentary
needed would be too lengthy; we will give only the result: "In the
long-run, every Village would have had its Lord, but there would
have been no tax-paying Farmers left." The Landlord, ruler of these
Landless, might himself (as Majesty well knows) have been made to
PAY, had that been all; but it was not. "To possess something;
that is what makes the citizen attached to his Country; those who
have no property, and have nothing to lose, what tie have they?"
A weak one, in comparison! "All these things being represented to
the Landlord Class, their own advantage made them consent to
replace their Peasants on the old footing." ...
"To make head against so many extraordinary demands," adds the King
(looking over to a new Chapter, that of the MILITARY, which
Department, to his eyes, was not less shockingly dilapidated than
the CIVIL, and equally or more needed instant repair), "new
resources had to be devised. For, besides what was needed for
re-establishment of the Provinces, new Fortifications were
necessary; and all our Cannon, E'VASES (worn too wide in the bore),
needed to be refounded; which occasioned considerable new expense.
This led us to improvement of the Excises,"--concerning which there
will have to be a Section by itself.
OF FRIEDRICH'S NEW EXCISE SYSTEM.
In his late Inspection-Journey to Cleve Country, D'Alembert, from
Paris, by appointment waited for the King; [In ( OEuvres de
Frederic, xxiv. 377-380 (D'Alembert's fine bits of
Letters in prospect of Potsdam, "Paris, 7th March-29th April,
1763;" and two small Notes while there, "Sans-Souci, 6th July-15th
August, 1763").]--picked up at Geldern (June 11th), as we saw
above. D'Alembert got to Potsdam June 22d; stayed till middle of
August. He had met the King once before, in 1755; who found him "a
BON GARCON," as we then saw. D'Alembert was always, since that
time, an agreeable, estimable little man to Friedrich. Age now
about forty-six; has lately refused the fine Russian post of "Tutor
to the Czarowitsh" (Czarowitsh Paul, poor little Boy of eight or
nine, whom we, or Herr Busching for us, saw galloping about, not
long since, "in his dressing-gown," under Panin's Tutorage);
refuses now, in a delicate gradual manner, the fine Prussian post
of Perpetual President, or Successor to Maupertuis;--definitely
preferring his frugal pensions at Paris, and garret all his own
there. Continues, especially after this two months' visit of 1763,
one of the King's chief correspondents for the next twenty years.
["29th October, 1783," D'Alembert died: "born 16th November, 1717;"
--a Foundling, as is well known; "Mother a Sister of Cardinal
Tencin's; Father," accidental, "an Officer in the Artillery."]
A man of much clear intellect; a thought SHRIEKY in his ways
sometimes; but always prudent, rational, polite, and loyally
recognizing Friedrich as a precious article in this world. Here is
a word of D'Alembert's to Madame du Deffand, at Paris, some ten or
twelve days after the Cleve meeting, and the third day after his
arrival here:--
"POTSDAM, 25th JUNE, 1763. MADAME,-- ... I will not go into the
praises of this Prince," King Friedrich, my now Host; "in my mouth
it might be suspicious: I will merely send you two traits of him,
which will indicate his way of thinking and feeling. When I spoke
to him [at Geldern, probably, on our first meeting] of the glory he
had acquired, he answered, with the greatest simplicity, That there
was a furious discount to be deducted from said glory; that chance
came in for almost the whole of it; and that he would far rather
have done Ratine's ATHALIE than all this War:--ATHALIE is the work
he likes, and rereads oftenest; I believe you won't disapprove his
taste there. The other trait I have to give you is, That on the day
[15th February last] of concluding this Peace, which is so glorious
to him, some one saying, 'It is the finest day of your Majesty's
life:' 'The finest day of life,' answered he, 'is the day on which
one quits it.' ...--Adieu, Madame." [ "OEuvres Posthumes de
D'Alembert (Paris, 1799). i. 197:" cited in PREUSS,
ii. 348.]
The meeting in Cleve Country was, no doubt, a very pretty passage,
with Two pretty Months following;--and if it be true that HELVETIUS
was a consequence, the 11th of June, 1763, may almost claim to be a
kind of epoch in Friedrich's later history. The opulent and
ingenious M. Helvetius, who wrote DE L'ESPRIT, and has got banished
for that feat (lost in the gloom of London in those months), had
been a mighty Tax-gatherer as well; D'Alembert, as brother
Philosophe, was familiar with Helvetius. It is certain, also, King
Friedrich, at this time, found he would require annually two
million thalers more;--where to get them, seemed the impossibility.
A General Krockow, who had long been in French Service, and is much
about the King, was often recommending the French Excise system;--
he is the Krockow of DOMSTADTL, and that SIEGE OF OLMUTZ, memorable
to some of us:--"A wonderful Excise system," Krockow is often
saying, in this time of straits. "Who completely understands it?"
the King might ask. "Helvetius, against the world!" D'Alembert
could justly answer. "Invite Helvetius to leave his London exile,
and accept an asylum here, where he may be of vital use to me!"
concludes Friedrich.
Helvetius came in March, 1765; stayed till June, 1766: [Rodenbeck,
ii. 254; Preuss, iii. 11.]--within which time a French Excise
system, which he had been devising and putting together, had just
got in gear, and been in action for a month, to Helvetius's
satisfaction. Who thereupon went his way, and never returned;--
taking with him, as man and tax-gatherer, the King's lasting
gratitude; but by no means that of the Prussian Nation, in his tax-
gathering capacity! All Prussia, or all of it that fell under this
Helvetius Excise system, united to condemn it, in all manner of
dialects, louder and louder: here, for instance, is the utterance
of Herr Hamann, himself a kind of Custom-house Clerk (at
Konigsberg, in East Preussen), and on modest terms a Literary man
of real merit and originality, who may be supposed to understand
this subject: "And so," says Hamann, "the State has declared its
own subjects incapable of managing its Finance system; and in this
way has intrusted its heart, that is the purse of its subjects, to
a company of Foreign Scoundrels, ignorant of everything relating to
it!" ["Hamann to Jacobi" (see Preuss, iii. 1-35), "Konigsberg, 18th
January, 1786."]
This lasted all Friedrich's lifetime; and gave rise to not a little
buzzing, especially in its primary or incipient stages. It seems to
have been one of the unsuccessfulest Finance adventures Friedrich
ever engaged in. It cost his subjects infinite small trouble;
awakened very great complaining; and, for the first time, real
discontent,--skin-deep but sincere and universal,--against the
misguided Vater Fritz. Much noisy absurdity there was upon it, at
home, and especially abroad: "Griping miser," "greedy tyrant," and
so forth! Deducting all which, everybody now admits that
Friedrich's aim was excellent and proper; but nobody denies withal
that the means were inconsiderate, of no profit in proportion to
the trouble they gave, and improper to adopt unless the
necessity compelled.
Friedrich is forbidden, or forbids himself, as we have often
mentioned, to impose new taxes: and nevertheless now, on
calculations deep, minute and no doubt exact, he judges That for
meeting new attacks of War (or being ready to meet, which will
oftenest mean averting them),--a thing which, as he has just seen,
may concern the very existence of the State,--it is necessary that
there should be on foot such and such quotities and kinds of
Soldiery and War-furniture, visible to all neighbors; and privately
in the Treasury never less than such and such a sum. To which end
Arithmetic declares that there is required about Two Million
thalers more of yearly revenue than we now have. And where, in
these circumstances, are the means of raising such a sum?
Friedrich imposes no new taxes; but there may be stricter methods
of levying the old;--there may, and in fact there must, be means
found! Friedrich has consulted his Finance Ministers; put the
question SERIATIM to these wise heads: they answer with one voice,
"There are no means." [Rodenbeck, ii. 256.] Friedrich, therefore,
has recourse to Helvetius; who, on due consideration, and after
survey of much documentary and tabulary raw-material, is of
opinion, That the Prussian Excises would, if levied with the
punctuality, precision and vigilant exactitude of French methods,
actually yield the required overplus. "Organize me the methods,
then; get them put in action here; under French hands, if that be
indispensable." Helvetius bethought him of what fittest French
hands there were to his knowledge,--in France there are a great
many hands flung idle in the present downbreak of finance there:--
Helvetius appears to have selected, arranged and contrived in this
matter with his best diligence. De Launay, the Head-engineer of the
thing, was admitted by all Prussia, after Twenty-two years
unfriendly experience of him, to have been a suitable and estimable
person; a man of judicious ways, of no small intelligence,
prudence, and of very great skill in administering business.
Head-engineer De Launay, one may guess, would be consulted by
Helvetius in choice of the subaltern Officials, the stokers and
steerers in this new Steam-Machinery, which had all to be manned
from France. There were Four heads of departments immediately under
De Launay, or scarcely under him, junior brothers rather:--who
chose these I did not hear; but these latter, it is evident, were
not a superior quality of people. Of these Four,--all at very high
salaries, from De Launay downwards; "higher than a Prussian
Minister of State!" murmured the public,--two, within the first
year, got into quarrel; fought a duel, fatal to one of them;
so that there were now only Three left. "Three, with De Launay,
will do," opined Friedrich; and divided the vacant salary among the
survivors: in which form they had at least no more duelling.
As to the subaltern working-parties, the VISITATEURS, CONTROLLEURS,
JAUGEURS (Gaugers), PLOMBEURS (Lead-stampers), or the strangest
kind of all, called "Cellar-Rats (COMMIS RATS-DE-CAVE), "they were
so detested and exclaimed against, by a Public impatient of the
work itself, there is no knowing what their degree of scoundrelism
was, nor even, within amazingly wide limits, what the arithmetical
number of them was. About 500 in the whole of Prussia, says a quiet
Prussian, who has made some inquiry; ["Beguelin, ACCISE- UND ZOLL-
VERFASSUNG, s. 138" (Preuss, iii, 18).] 1,500 says Mirabeau;
3,000 say other exaggerative persons, or even 5,000; De Launay's
account is, Not at any time above 200. But we can all imagine how
vexatious they and their business were. Nobody now is privileged
with exemption: from one and all of you, Nobles, Clergy, People,
strict account is required, about your beers and liquors;
your coffee, salt; your consumptions and your purchases of all
excisable articles:--nay, I think in coffee and salt, in salt for
certain, what you will require, according to your station and
domestic numbers, is computed for you, to save trouble; such and
such quantities you will please to buy in our presence, or to pay
duty for, whether you buy them or not. Into all houses, at any hour
of the day or of the night, these cellar-rats had liberty,--(on
warrant from some higher rat of their own type, I know not how much
higher; and no sure appeal for you, except to the King; tolerably
sure there, if you be INNOCENT, but evidently perilous if you be
only NOT-CONVICTED!)--had liberty, I say, to search for contraband;
all your presses, drawers, repositories, you must open to these
beautiful creatures; watch in nightcap, and candle in hand, while
your things get all tumbled hither and thither, in the search for
what perhaps is not there; nay, it was said and suspected, but I
never knew it for certain, that these poisonous French are capable
of slipping in something contraband, on purpose to have you fined
whether or not.
Readers can conceive, though apparently Friedrich did not, what a
world of vexation all this occasioned; and how, in the continual
annoyance to all mankind, the irritation, provocation and querulous
eloquence spread among high and low. Of which the King knew
something; but far from the whole. His object was one of vital
importance; and his plan once fixed, he went on with it, according
to his custom, regardless of little rubs. The Anecdote Books are
full of details, comic mostly, on this subject: How the French rats
pounced down upon good harmless people, innocent frugal parsonages,
farm-houses; and were comically flung prostrate by native ready
wit, or by direct appeal to the King. Details, never so authentic,
could not be advisable in this place. Perhaps there are not more
than Two authentic Passages, known to me, which can now have the
least interest, even of a momentary sort, to English readers.
The first is, Of King Friedrich caricatured as a Miser grinding
Coffee. I give it, without essential alteration of any kind, in
Herr Preuss's words, copied from those of one who saw it:--the
second, which relates to a Princess or Ex-Princess of the Royal
House, I must reserve for a little while. Herr Preuss says:--
"Once during the time of the 'Regie' [which lasted from 1766 to
1786 and the King's death: no other date assignable, though 1768,
or so, may be imaginable for our purpose], as the King came riding
along the Jager Strasse, there was visible near what is called the
Furstenhaus," kind of Berlin Somerset House, [Nicolai, i. 155.] "a
great crowd of people. 'See what it is!' the King sent his one
attendant, a heiduc or groom, into it, to learn what it was.
'They have something posted up about your Majesty,' reported the
groom; and Friedrich, who by this time had ridden forward, took a
look at the thing; which was a Caricature figure of himself:
King in very melancholy guise, seated on a Stool, a Coffee-mill
between his knees; diligently grinding with the one hand, and with
the other picking up any bean that might have fallen. 'Hang it
lower,' said the King, beckoning his groom with a wave of the
finger: 'Lower, that they may not have to hurt their necks about
it!' No sooner were the words spoken, which spread instantly, than
there rose from the whole crowd one universal huzza of joy.
They tore the Caricature into a thousand pieces, and rolled after
the King with loud (LEBE HOCH, Our Friedrich forever!' as he rode
slowly away." [Preuss, iii. 275 ("from BERLIN CONVERSUTIONSBLATT
&c. of 1827, No. 253").] That is their Friedrich's method with the
Caricature Department. Heffner, Kapellmeister in Upsala, reports
this bit of memorability; he was then of the King's Music-Chapel in
Berlin, and saw this with his eyes.
The King's tendency at all times, and his practice generally, when
we hear of it, was to take the people's side; so that gradually
these French procedures were a great deal mitigated; and DIE REGIE
--so they called this hateful new-fangled system of Excise
machinery--became much more supportable, "the sorrows of it nothing
but a tradition to the younger sort," reports Dohm, who is
extremely ample on this subject. [Christian Wilhelm von Dohm,
Denkwurdigkeiten meiner Zeit (Lemgo und
Hanover, 1819), iv. 500 et seq.] De Launay was honorably dismissed,
and the whole Regie abolished, a month or two after
Friedrich's death.
With a splenetic satisfaction authentic Dohm, who sufficiently
condemns the REGIE, adds that it was not even successful; and shows
by evidence, and computation to the uttermost farthing, that
instead of two million thalers annually, it yielded on the average
rather less than one. The desired overplus of two millions, and a
good deal more did indeed come in, says he: but it was owing to the
great prosperity of Prussia at large, after the Seven-Years War;
to the manifold industries awakening, which have gone on
progressive ever since. Dohm declares farther, that the very object
was in a sort fanciful, nugatory; arguing that nobody did attack
Friedrich;--but omitting to prove that nobody would have done so,
had Friedrich NOT stood ready to receive him. We will remark only,
what is very indisputable, that Friedrich, owing to the Regie, or
to other causes, did get the humble overplus necessary for him;
and did stand ready for any war which might have come (and which
did in a sort come); that he more and more relaxed the Regie, as it
became less indispensable to him; and was willing, if he found the
Caricatures and Opposition Placards too high posted, to save the
poor reading people any trouble that was possible.
A French eye-witness testifies: "They had no talent, these Regie
fellows, but that of writing and ciphering; extremely conceited
too, and were capable of the most ridiculous follies. Once, for
instance, they condemned a common soldier, who had hidden some
pounds of tobacco, to a fine of 200 thalers. The King, on reviewing
it for confirmation, wrote on the margin: 'Before confirming this
sentence, I should wish to know where the Soldier, who gets 8
groschen [ninepence halfpenny] in the 5 days, will find the 200
crowns for paying this Fine!'" [Laveaux (2d edition), iii. 228.]
Innumerable instances of a constant disposition that way, on the
King's part, stand on record. "A crown a head on the import of fat
cattle, Tax on butcher's-meat?" writes he once to De Launay:
"No, that would fall on the poorer classes: to that I must say No.
I am, by office, Procurator of the Poor (L'AVOCAT DU PAUVRE)."
Elsewhere it is "AVOCAT DEC PAUVRE ET DU SOLDAT (of the working-man
and of the soldier); and have to plead their cause."
[Preuss, iii. 20.]
We will now give our Second Anecdote; which has less of
memorability to us strangers at present, though doubtless it was
then, in Berlin society, the more celebrated of the two;
relating, as it did, to a high Court-Lady, almost the highest, and
who was herself only too celebrated in those years. The heroine is
Princess Elizabeth of Brunswick, King's own Niece and a pretty
woman; who for four years (14th July, 1765-18th April, 1769) of her
long life was Princess Royal of Prussia,--Wife of that tall young
Gentleman whom we used to see dancing about, whom we last saw at
Schweidnitz getting flung from his horse, on the day of Pirch's
saddle there:--his Wife for four years, but in the fourth year
ceased to be so [Rodenbeck, ii. 241, 257.] (for excellent reasons,
on both sides), and lived thenceforth in a divorced eclipsed state
at Stettin, where is laid the scene of our Anecdote. I understand
it to be perfectly true; but cannot ascertain from any of the
witnesses in what year the thing happened; or whether it was at
Stettin or Berlin,--though my author has guessed, "Stettin, in the
Lady's divorced state," as appears.
"This Princess had commissioned, direct from Lyon, a very beautiful
dress; which arrived duly, addressed to her at Stettin. As this
kind of stuffs is charged with very heavy dues, the DOUANIER, head
Custom-house Personage of the Town, had the impertinence to detain
the dress till payment were made. The Princess, in a lofty
indignation, sent word to this person, To bring the dress
instantly, and she would pay the dues on it. He obeyed: but,"--mark
the result,--"scarcely had the Princess got eye on him, when she
seized her Lyon Dress; and, giving the Douanier a couple of good
slaps on the face, ordered him out of her apartment and house.
"The Douanier, thinking himself one and somewhat, withdrew in high
choler; had a long PROCES-VERBAL of the thing drawn out; and sent
it to the King with eloquent complaint, 'That he had been
dishonored in doing the function appointed him.' Friedrich replied
as follows: TO THE DOUANIER AT STETTIN: 'The loss of the Excise-
dues shall fall to my score; the Dress shall remain with the
Princess; the slaps to him who has received them. As to the
pretended Dishonor, I entirely relieve the complainant from that:
never can the appliance of a beautiful hand dishonor the face of an
Officer of Customs.--F.'" [Laveaux (abridged), iii. 229.]
Northern Tourists, Wraxall and others, passing that way, speak of
this Princess, down to recent times, as a phenomenon of the place.
Apparently a high and peremptory kind of Lady, disdaining to be
bowed too low by her disgraces. She survived all her generation,
and the next and the next, and indeed into our own. Died 18th
February, 1840: at the age of ninety-six. Threescore and eleven
years of that eclipsed Stettin Existence; this of the Lyon gown,
and caitiff of a Custom-houser slapped on the face, her one
adventure put on record for us!--
She was signally blamable in that of the Divorce; but not she
alone, nor first of the Two. Her Crown-Prince, Friedrich Wilhelm,
called afterwards, as King, "DER DICKE (the Fat, or the Big)," and
held in little esteem by Posterity,--a headlong, rather dark and
physical kind of creature, though not ill-meaning or dishonest,--
was himself a dreadful sinner in that department of things; and had
BEGUN the bad game against his poor Cousin and Spouse! Readers of
discursive turn are perhaps acquainted with a certain "Grafin von
Lichtenau," and her MEMOIRS so called:--not willingly, but driven,
I fish up one specimen, and one only, from that record of human
puddles and perversities:--
"From the first year of our attachment," says this precious Grafin,
"I was already the confidant of his," the Prince of Prussia's,
"most secret thoughts. One day [in 1767, second year of his married
life, I then fifteen, slim Daughter of a Player on the French Horn,
in his Majesty's pay], the Prince happened to be very serious;
and was owning to me with frankness that he had some wrongs towards
my sex to reproach himself with,"--alas, yes, some few:--"and he
swore that he would never forsake ME; and that if Heaven disposed
of my life before his, none but he should close my eyes. He was
fingering with a penknife at the time; he struck the point of it
into the palm of his left hand, and wrote with his blood [the
unclean creature], on a little bit of paper, the Oath which his
lips had just pronounced in so solemn a tone. Vainly should I
undertake to paint my emotion on this action of his! The Prince saw
what I felt; and took advantage of it to beg that I would follow
his example. I hastened to satisfy him; and traced, as he had done,
with my blood, the promise to remain his friend to the tomb, and
never to forsake him. This Promise must have been found among his
Papers after his death [still in the Archives? we will hope not!]--
Both of us stood faithful to this Oath. The tie of love, it is
true, we broke: but that was by mutual consent, and the better to
fix ourselves in the bonds of an inviolable friendship.
Other mistresses reigned over his senses; but I"--ACH GOTT, no more
of that. [ Memoires de la Comtesse de Lichtenau
italic> (a Londres, chez Colburn Libraire, Conduit-street, Bond-
street, 2 tomes, small 8vo, 1809), i. 129.]
The King's own account of the affair is sufficiently explicit.
His words are: "Not long ago [about two years before this of the
penknife] we mentioned the Prince of Prussia's marriage with
Elizabeth of Brunswick [his Cousin twice over, her Mother, Princess
Charlotte of Prussia, being his Father's Sister and mine, and her
Father HIS Mother's Brother,--if you like to count it].
This engagement, from which everybody had expected happy
consequences, did not correspond to the wishes of the Royal House."
Only one Princess could be realized (subsequently Wife to the late
Duke of York),--she came this same year of the penknife,--and bad
outlooks for more. "The Husband, young and dissolute (SANS MOEURS),
given up to a crapulous life, from which his relatives could not
correct him, was continually committing infidelities to his Wife.
The Princess, who was in the flower of her beauty, felt outraged by
such neglect of her charms; her vivacity, and the good opinion she
had of herself, brought her upon the thought of avenging her wrongs
by retaliation. Speedily she gave in to excesses, scarcely inferior
to those of her Husband. Family quarrels broke out, and were soon
publicly known. The antipathy that ensued took away all hope of
succession [had it been desirable in these sad circumstances!].
Prince Henri [JUNIOR, this hopeful Prince of Prussia's Brother],
who was gifted with all the qualities to be wished in a young man
[witness my tears for him], had been carried off by small-pox.
["26th May, 1767," age 19 gone; ELOGE of him by Friedrich
("MS. still stained with tears"), in OEuvres de Frederic,
vii. 37 et seq.] The King's Brothers, Princes Henri
and Ferdinand, avowed frankly that they would never consent to
have, by some accidental bastard, their rights of succession to the
crown carried off. In the end, there was nothing for it but
proceeding to a divorce." [ OEuvres de Frederic,
italic> vi. 23.]
Divorce was done in a beautiful private manner; case tried with
strictly shut doors; all the five judges under oath to carry into
the grave whatever they came to know of it: [Preuss, iv. 180-186.]
divorce completed 18th April, 1769; and, within three months, a new
marriage was accomplished, Princess Frederika Luisa of Hessen-
Darmstadt the happy woman. By means of whom there was duly realized
a Friedrich Wilhelm, who became "King Friedrich Wilhelm III." (a
much-enduring, excellent, though inarticulate man), as well as
various other Princes and Princesses, in spite of interruptions
from the Lichtenau Sisterhood. High-souled Elizabeth was relegated
to Stettin; her amount of Pension is not mentioned; her Family,
after the unhappy proofs communicated to them, had given their
consent and sanction;--and she stayed there, idle, or her own
mistress of work, for the next seventy-one years.--Enough of HER
Lyon Dress, surely, and of the Excise system altogether!--
THE NEUE PALAIS, IN SANS-SOUCI NEIGHBORHOOD, IS FOUNDED
AND FINISHED (1763-1770).
If D'Alembert's Visit was the germ of the Excise system, it will be
curious to note,--and indeed whether or not, it will be
chronologically serviceable to us here, and worth noting,--that
there went on a small synchronous affair, still visible to
everybody: namely, That in the very hours while Friedrich and
D'Alembert were saluting mutually at Geldern (11th June, 1763),
there was laid the foundation of what they call the NEUE PALAIS;
New Palace of Sans-Souci: [Rodenbeck, ii. 219.] a sumptuous
Edifice, in the curious LOUIS-QUINZE or what is called "Rococo"
style of the time; Palace never much inhabited by Friedrich or his
successors, which still stands in those ornamental Potsdam regions.
Why built, especially in the then down-pressed financial
circumstances, some have had their difficulties to imagine.
It appears, this New Palace had been determined on before the War
broke out; and Friedrich said to himself: "We will build it now, to
help the mechanical classes in Berlin,--perhaps also, in part
[think some, and why should not they, a little?] to show mankind
that we have still ready money; and are nothing like so ruined as
they fancy."
"This NEUE PALAIS," says one recent Tourist, "is a pleasant quaint
object, nowadays, to the stranger. It has the air DEGAGE
POCOCURANTE; pleasantly fine in aspect and in posture;--spacious
expanses round it, not in a waste, but still less in a strict
condition; and (in its deserted state) has a silence, especially a
total absence of needless flunkies and of gaping fellow-loungers,
which is charming. Stands mute there, in its solitude, in its
stately silence and negligence, like some Tadmor of the Wilderness
in small. The big square of Stables, Coach-houses, near by, was
locked up,--probably one sleeping groom in it. The very CUSTOS of
the grand Edifice (such the rarity of fees to him) I could not
awaken without difficulty. In the gray autumn zephyrs, no sound
whatever about this New Palace of King Friedrich's, except the
rustle of the crisp brown leaves, and of any faded or fading
memories you may have.
"I should say," continues he, "it somehow reminds you of the City
of Bath. It has the cut of a battered Beau of old date; Beau still
extant, though in strangely other circumstances; something in him
of pathetic dignity in that kind. It shows excellent sound
masonries; which have an over-tendency to jerk themselves into
pinnacles, curvatures and graciosities; many statues atop,--three
there are, in a kind of grouped or partnership attitude;
'These,' said diligent scandal, 'note them; these mean Maria
Theresa, Pompadour and CATIN DU NORD' (mere Muses, I believe, or of
the Nymph or Hamadryad kind, nothing of harm in them). In short,
you may call it the stone Apotheosis of an old French Beau.
Considerably weather-beaten (the brown of lichens spreading visibly
here and there, the firm-set ashlar telling you, 'I have stood a
hundred years');--Beau old and weather-beaten, with his cocked-hat
not in the fresh condition, all his gold-laces tarnished;
and generally looking strange, and in a sort tragical, to find
himself, fleeting creature, become a denizen of the Architectural
Fixities and earnest Eternities!"--
From Potsdam Palace to the New Palace of Sans-Souci may be a mile
distance; flat ground, parallel to the foot of Hills; all through
arbors, parterres, water-works, and ornamental gardenings and
cottagings or villa-ings,--Cottage-Villa for Lord Marischal is one
of them. This mile of distance, taking the COTTAGE Royal of Sans-
Souci on its hill-top as vertex, will be the base of an isosceles
or nearly isosceles triangle, flatter than equilateral. To the
Cottage Royal of Sans-Souci may be about three-quarters of a mile
northeast from this New Palace, and from Potsdam Palace to it
rather less. And the whole square-mile or so of space is
continuously a Garden, not in the English sense, though it has its
own beauties of the more artificial kind; and, at any rate, has
memories for you, and footsteps of persons still unforgotten by
mankind.--Here is a Notice of Lord Marischal; which readers will
not grudge; the chronology of the worthy man, in these his later
epochs, being in so hazy a state:--
Lord Marischal, we know well and Pitt knows, was in England in
1761,--ostensibly on the Kintore Heritage; and in part, perhaps,
really on that errand. But he went and came, at dates now
uncertain; was back in Spain after that, had difficult voyagings
about; [King's Letters to him, in OEuvres de Frederic,
xx. 282-285.]--and did not get to rest again, in his
Government of Neufchatel, till April, 1762. There is a Letter of
the King's, which at least fixes that point:--
"BRESLAU, 10th APRIL, 1762. My nose is the most impertinent nose in
the universe, MON CHER MYLORD [Queen-Dowager snuff, SPANIOL from
the fountain-head, of Marischal's providing; quality exquisite, but
difficult to get transmitted in the Storms of War]; I am ashamed of
the trouble it costs you! I beg many pardons;--and should be quite
abashed, did I not know how you compassionate the weak points of
your friends, and that, for a long time past, you have a singular
indulgence for my nose. I am very glad to know you happily returned
to your Government, safe at Colombier (DOVE-COTE) in Neufchatel
again." This is 10th April, 1762. There, as I gather, quiet in his
Dove-cote, Marischal continued, though rather weary of the
business, for about a year more; or till the King got home,--who
delights in companionship, and is willing to let an old man demit
for good.
It was in Summer, 1762 (about three months after the above Letter
from the King), that Rousseau made his celebrated exodus into
Neufchatel Country, and found the old Governor so good to him,--
glad to be allowed to shelter the poor skinless creature. And, mark
as curious, it must have been on two of those mornings, towards the
end of the Siege of Schweidnitz, when things were getting so
intolerable, and at times breaking out into electricity, into
"rebuke all round," that Friedrich received that singular pair of
Laconic Notes from Rousseau in Neufchatel: forwarded, successively,
by Lord Marischal; NOTE FIRST, of date, "Motier-Travers,
Neufchatel, September," nobody can guess what day, "1762:" "I have
said much ill of you, and don't repent it. Now everybody has
banished me; and it is on your threshold that I sit down. Kill me,
if you have a mind!" And then (after, not death, but the gift of
100 crowns), NOTE SECOND, "October, 1762:" ... "Take out of my
sight that sword, which dazzles and pains me; IT has only too well
done its duty, while the sceptre is abandoned:" Make Peace, can't
you! [ OEuvres completes de Rousseau (a
Geneve, 1782-1789), xxxiii. 64, 65.]--What curious reading for a
King in such posture, among the miscellaneous arrivals overnight!
Above six weeks before either of these NOTES, Friedrich, hearing of
him from Lord Marischal, had answered: "An asylum? Yes, by all
means: the unlucky cynic!" It is on September 1st, that he sends,
by the same channel, 100 crowns for his use, with advice to "give
them in NATURA, lest he refuse otherwise;" as Friedrich knows to be
possible. In words, the Rousseau Notes got nothing of Answer.
"A GARCON SINGULIER," says Friedrich: odd fellow, yes indeed, your
Majesty;--and has such a pungency of flattery in him too, presented
in the way of snarl! His Majesty might take him, I suppose, with a
kind of relish, like Queen-Dowager snuff.
There was still another shift of place, shift which proved
temporary, in old Marischal's life: Home to native Aberdeenshire.
The two childless Brothers, Earls of Kintore, had died
successively, the last of them November 22d, 1761: title and
heritage, not considerable the latter, fell duly, by what
preparatives we know, to old Marischal; but his Keith kinsfolk,
furthermore, would have him personally among them,--nay, after
that, would have him to wed and produce new Keiths. At the age of
78; decidedly an inconvenient thing! Old Marischal left Potsdam
"August, 1763," [Letter of his to the King ("LONDRES, 14 AOUT,
1763"), in OEuvres de Frederic, xx. 293.--In
Letters of Eminent Persons to David Hume
(Edinburgh, 1849), pp. 57-71, are some Nine from the Old Marischal;
in curiously mixed dialect, cheerful, but indistinct; the two chief
dates of which are: "Touch" (guttural TuCH, in Aberdeenshire), "28
October, 1763," and "Potsdam, 20 February, 1765."]--NEW-PALACE
scaffoldings and big stone blocks conspicuous in those localities;
pleasant D'Alembert now just about leaving, in the other direction;
--much to Friedrich's regret, the old Marischal especially, as is
still finely evident.
FRIEDRICH TO LORD MARISCHAL (in Scotland for the last six months).
"SANS-SOUCI, 16th February, 1764.
"I am not surprised that the Scotch fight to have you among them;
and wish to have progeny of yours, and to preserve your bones.
You have in your lifetime the lot of Homer after death: Cities
arguing which is your birthplace;--I myself would dispute it with
Edinburgh to possess you. If I had ships, I would make a descent on
Scotland, to steal off my CHER MYLORD, and bring him hither.
Alas, our Elbe Boats can't do it. But you give me hopes;--which I
seize with avidity! I was your late Brother's friend, and had
obligations to him; I am yours with heart and soul. These are my
titles, these are my rights:--you sha'n't be forced in the matter
of progeny here (FAIRE L'ETALON ICI), neither priests nor attorneys
shall meddle with you; you shall live here in the bosom of
friendship, liberty and philosophy." Come to me! ...--F.
[ OEuvres de Frederic, xx. 295.]
Old Marischal did come; and before long. I know not the precise
month: but "his Villa-Cottage was built for him," the Books say,
"in 1764." He had left D'Alembert just going; next year he will
find Helvetius coming. He lived here, a great treasure to
Friedrich, till his death, 25th May, 1778, age 92.
The New Palace was not finished till 1770;--in which year, also,
Friedrich reckons that the general Problem of Repairing Prussia was
victoriously over. New Palace, growing or complete, looks down on
all these operations and occurrences. In its cradle, it sees
D'Alembert go, Lord Marischal go; Helvetius come, Lord Marischal
come; in its boyhood or maturity, the Excise, and French RATS-DE-
CAVE, spring up; Crown-Prince Friedrich Wilhelm prick his hand for
a fit kind of ink; Friedrich Wilhelm's Divorced Wife give her
Douanier two slaps in the face, by way of payment. Nay, the same
Friedrich Wilhelm, become "Friedrich Wilhelm II., or DER DICKE,"
died in it,--his Lichtenau AND his second Wife, jewel of women,
nursing him in his last sickness there. ["Died 16th November,
1797."]
The violent stress of effort for repairing Prussia, Friedrich
intimates, was mostly over in 1766: till which date specifically,
and in a looser sense till 1770, that may be considered as his main
business. But it was not at any time his sole business;
nor latterly at all equal in interest to some others that had risen
on him, as the next Chapter will now show. Here, first, is a little
Fraction of NECROLOGY, which may be worth taking with us.
Readers can spread these fateful specialties over the Period in
question; and know that each of them came with a kind of knell upon
Friedrich's heart, whatever he might be employed about.
Hour striking after hour on the Horologe of Time; intimating how
the Afternoon wore, and that Night was coming. Various meanings
there would be to Friedrich in these footfalls of departing guests,
the dear, the less dear, and the indifferent or hostile; but each
of them would mean: "Gone, then, gone; thus we all go!"
"OBITUARY IN FRIEDRICH'S CIRCLE TILL 1771."
Of Polish Majesty's death (5th October, 1763), and then (2d
December following) of his Kurprinz or Successor's, with whom we
dined at Moritzburg so recently, there will be mention by and by.
November 28th, 1763, in the interval between these two, the
wretched Bruhl had died. April 14th, 1764, died the wretched
Pompadour;--"To us not known, JE NE LA CONNAIS PAS:"--hapless
Butterfly, she had been twenty years in the winged condition;
age now forty-four: dull Louis, they say, looked out of window as
her hearse departed, "FROIDEMENT," without emotion of any visible
kind. These little concern Friedrich or us; we will restrict
ourselves to Friends.
"DIED IN 1764. At Pisa, Algarotti (23d May, 1764, age fifty-two);
with whom Friedrich has always had some correspondence hitherto (to
himself interesting, though not to us), and will never henceforth
have more. Friedrich raised a Monument to him; Monument still to be
seen in the Campo-Santo of Pisa: 'HIC JACET OVIDII AEMULUS ET
NEUTONI DISCIPULUS;' friends have added 'FREDERICUS MAGNUS PONI
FECIT;' and on another part of the Monument, 'ALGAROTTUS NON
OMNIS.' [Preuss, iv. 188.]
"--IN 1765. At the age of eighty, November 18th, Grafin Camas, 'MA
BONNE MAMAN' (widow since 1741); excellent old Lady,--once
brilliantly young, German by birth, her name Brandt;--to whom the
King's LETTERS used to be so pretty." This same year, too, Kaiser
Franz died; but him we will reserve, as not belonging to this
Select List.
"--IN 1766. At Nanci, 23d February, age eighty-six, King Stanislaus
Leczinsky: 'his clothes caught fire' (accidental spark or sputter
on some damask dressing-gown or the like); and the much-enduring
innocent old soul ended painfully his Titular career.
"DIED IN 1767. October 22d, the Grand-Duchess of Sachsen-Gotha, age
fifty-seven; a sad stroke this also, among one's narrowing List of
Friends.--I doubt if Friedrich ever saw this high Lady after the
Visit we lately witnessed. His LETTERS to her are still in the
Archives of Gotha: not hers to him; all lost, these latter, but an
accidental Two, which are still beautiful in their kind. [Given in
OEuvres de Frederic, xviii. 165, 256.]
"--IN 1770. Bielfeld, the fantastic individual of old days.
Had long been out of Friedrich's circle,--in Altenburg Country, I
think;--without importance to Friedrich or us: the year of him will
do, without search for day or month.
"---IN 1771. Two heavy deaths come this year. January 28th, 1771,
at Berlin, dies our valuable old friend Excellency Mitchell,--still
here on the part of England, in cordial esteem as a man and
companion; though as Minister, I suppose, with function more and
more imaginary. This painfully ushers in the year. To usher it out,
there is still worse: faithful D'Argens dies, 26th December, 1771,
on a visit in his native Provence,--leaving, as is still visible,
[Friedrich's two Letters to the Widow (Ib. xix. 427-429).] a big
and sad blank behind him at Potsdam." But we need not continue;
at least not at present.
Long before all these, Friedrich had lost friends; with a sad but
quiet emotion he often alludes to this tragic fact, that all the
souls he loved most are gone. His Winterfelds, his Keiths, many
loved faces, the War has snatched: at Monbijou, at Baireuth, it was
not War; but they too are gone. Is the world becoming all a
Mausoleum, then; nothing of divine in it but the Tombs of vanished
loved ones? Friedrich makes no noise on such subjects: loved and
unloved alike must go.
We have still to mark Kaiser Franz's sudden death; a thing
politically interesting, if not otherwise. August, 1765, at
Innspruck, during the Marriage-festivities of his Second Son,
Leopold (Duke of Florence, who afterwards, on Joseph's death, was
Kaiser),--Kaiser Franz, sauntering about in the evening gala,
"18th August, about 9 P.M.," suddenly tottered, staggered as
falling; fell into Son Joseph's arms; and was dead. Above a year
before, this same Joseph, his Eldest Son, had been made King of the
Romans: "elected 26th March; crowned 3d April, 1764;"--Friedrich
furthering it, wishful to be friendly with his late enemies.
[Rodenbeck,
ii. 234.]
On this Innspruck Tragedy, Joseph naturally became Kaiser,--Part-
Kaiser; his Dowager-Mother, on whom alone it depends, having
decided that way. The poor Lady was at first quite overwhelmed with
her grief. She had the death-room of her Husband made into a
Chapel; she founded furthermore a Monastery in Innspruck, "Twelve
Canonesses to pray there for the repose of Franz;" was herself
about to become Abbess there, and quit the secular world; but in
the end was got persuaded to continue, and take Son Joseph as
Coadjutor. [Hormayr, OESTERREICHISCHER PLUTARCH (º Maria Theresa),
iv. (2tes Bandchen) 6-124; MARIA THERESIENS LEBEN, p. 30.] In which
capacity we shall meet the young man again.
Chapter III.
TROUBLES IN POLAND.
April 11th, 1764, one year after his Seven-Years labor of Hercules,
Friedrich made Treaty of Alliance with the new Czarina Catharine.
England had deserted him; France was his enemy, especially
Pompadour and Choiseul, and refused reconcilement, though privately
solicited: he was without an Ally anywhere. The Russians had done
him frightful damage in the last War, and were most of all to be
dreaded in the case of any new one. The Treaty was a matter of
necessity as well as choice. Agreement for mutual good neighborhood
and friendly offices; guarantee of each other against intrusive
third parties: should either get engaged in war with any neighbor,
practical aid to the length of 12,000 men, or else money in lieu.
Treaty was for eight years from day of date.
As Friedrich did not get into war, and Catharine did, with the
Turks and certain loose Polacks, the burden of fulfilment happened
to fall wholly on Friedrich; and he was extremely punctual in
performance,--eager now, and all his life after, to keep well with
such a Country under such a Czarina. Which proved to be the whole
rule of his policy on that Russian side. "Good that Country cannot
bring me by any quarrel with it; evil it can, to a frightful
extent, in case of my quarrelling with others! Be wary, be
punctual, magnanimously polite, with that grandiose Czarina and her
huge territories and notions:" this was Friedrich's constant rule
in public and in private. Nor is it thought his CORRESPONDENCE WITH
THE EMPRESS CATHARINE, when future generations see it in print,
will disclose the least ground of offence to that high-flying
Female Potentate of the North. Nor will it ever be known what the
silently observant Friedrich thought of her, except indeed what we
already know, or as good as know, That he, if anybody did, saw her
clearly enough for what she was; and found good to repress into
absolute zero whatever had no bearing upon business, and might by
possibility give offence in that quarter. For we are an old King,
and have learned by bitter experiences! No more nicknames, biting
verses, or words which a bird of the air could carry; though this
poor Lady too has her liabilities, were not we old and prudent;--
and is entirely as weak on certain points (deducting the devotions
and the brandy-and-water) as some others were! The Treaty was
renewed when necessary; and continued valid and vital in every
particular, so long as Friedrich ruled.
By the end of the first eight years, by strictly following this
passive rule, Friedrich, in counterbalance of his losses,
unexpectedly found himself invested with a very singular bit of
gain,--"unjust gain!" cried all men, making it of the nature of
gain and loss to him,--which is still practically his, and which
has made, and makes to this day, an immense noise in the world.
Everybody knows we mean West-Preussen; Partition of Poland;
bloodiest picture in the Book of Time, Sarmatia's fall unwept
without a crime;--and that we have come upon a very intricate part
of our poor History.
No prudent man--especially if to himself, as is my own poor case in
regard to it, the subject have long been altogether dead and
indifferent--would wish to write of the Polish Question. For almost
a hundred years the Polish Question has been very loud in the
world; and ever and anon rises again into vocality among Able
Editors, as a thing pretending not to be dead and buried, but
capable of rising again, and setting itself right, by good effort
at home and abroad. Not advisable, beyond the strict limits of
compulsion, to write of it at present! The rather as the History of
it, any History we have, is not an intelligible series of events,
but a series of vociferous execrations, filling all Nature, with
nothing left to the reader but darkness, and such remedies against
despair as he himself can summon or contrive.
"Rulhiere's on that subject," says a Note which I may cite, "is the
only articulate-speaking Book to which mankind as yet can apply;
[Cl. Rulhiere, Histoire de l'Anarchie de Pologne
italic> (Paris, 1807), 4 vols. 12mo.] and they will by no means
find that a sufficient one. Rulhiere's Book has its considerable
merits; but it absolutely wants those of a History; and can be
recognized by no mind as an intelligible cosmic Portraiture of that
chaotic Mass of Occurrences: chronology, topography, precision of
detail by time and place; scene, and actors on scene, remain
unintelligible. Rulhiere himself knew Poland, at least had looked
on it from Warsaw outwards, year after year, and knew of it what an
inquiring Secretary of Legation could pick up on those terms, which
perhaps, after all, is not very much. His Narrative is drowned in
beautiful seas of description and reflection; has neither dates nor
references; and advances at an intolerable rate of slowness;
in fact, rather turns on its axis than advances; produces on you
the effect of a melodious Sonata, not of a lucid and comfortably
instructive History.
"I forget for how long Rulhiere had been in Poland, as Ambassador's
Assistant: but the Country, the King and leading Personages were
personally known to him, more or less; Events with all details of
them were known: 'Why not write a History of the Anarchy and Wreck
they fell into?' said the Official people to him, on his return
home: 'For behoof of the Dauphin [who is to be Louis XVI. shortly];
may not he perhaps draw profit from it? At the top of the Universe,
experience is sometimes wanted. Here are the Archives, here is
Salary, here are what appliances you like to name: Write!' It is
well known he was appointed, on a Pension of 250 pounds a year,
with access to all archives, documents and appliances in possession
of the French Government, and express charge to delineate this
subject for benefit of the Dauphin's young mind. Nor can I wonder,
considering everything, that the process on Rulhiere's part, being
so full of difficulties, was extremely deliberate; that this Book
did not grow so steadily or fast as the Dauphin did; and that in
fact the poor Dauphin never got the least benefit from it,--being
guillotined, he, in 1793, and the Book intended for him never
coming to light for fourteen years afterwards, it too in a
posthumous and still unfinished condition.
"Rulhiere has heard the voices of rumor, knows an infinitude of
events that were talked of; but has not discriminated which were
the vital, which were the insignificant; treats the vital and the
insignificant alike; seldom with satisfactory precision;
mournfully seldom giving any date, and by no chance any voucher or
authority;--and instead of practical terrestrial scene of action,
with distances, milestones, definite sequence of occurrences, and
of causes and effects, paints us a rosy cloudland, which if true at
all, as he well intends it to be, is little more than symbolically
or allegorically so; and can satisfy no clear-headed Dauphin or
man. Rulhiere strives to be authentic, too; gives you no suspicion
of his fairness. There is really fine high-colored painting in
Rulhiere! and you hope always he will let you into the secret of
the matter: but the sad fact is, he never does. He merely loses
himself in picturesque details, philosophic eloquences, elegancies;
takes you to a Castle of Choczim, a Monastery of Czenstochow, a Bay
of Tschesme, and lets off extensive fire-works that contain little
or no shot; leads you on trackless marches, inroads or outroads,
through the Lithuanian Peat-bogs, on daring adventures and hair-
breadth escapes of mere Pulawski, Potocki and the like;--had not
got to understand the matter himself, you perceive: how hopeless to
make you understand it!"
English readers, however, have no other shift; the rest of the
Books I have seen,-- Histoire des Revolutions de Pologne;
[1778 (A WARSOVIE, ET SE TROUVE A PARIS), 2 vols.
8vo.] Histoire des Trois Demembremens de la Pologne;
[Anonymous (by one FERRAND, otherwise unknown to me),
Paris, 1820, 3 vols. 8vo.] Letters on Poland;
[Anonymous (by a "Reverend Mr. Lindsey," it would seem), LETTERS
CONCERNING THE PRESENT STATE OF POLAND, TOGETHER WITH &c. (London,
1773; 1 vol. 8vo): of these LETTERS, or at least of Reverend
Lindsey, Author of them, "Tutor to King Stanislaus's Nephew," and a
man of painfully loud loose tongue, there may perhaps be mention
afterwards.] and many more,--are not worth mentioning at all.
Comfortable in the mad dance of these is Hermann's recent dull
volume; [Hermann, Geschichte des Russischen Staats,
italic> vol. v. (already cited in regard to the Peter-Catharine
tragedy); seems to be compiled mainly from the Saxon Archives, from
DESPATCHES written on the spot and at the time.]--commonplace,
dull, but steady and faithful; yielding us at least dates, and an
immunity from noise. By help of Hermann and the others, distilled
to CAPUT MORTUUM, a few dated facts (cardinal we dare not call
them) may be extracted;--dimly out of these, to the meditating
mind, some outline of the phenomenon may begin to become
conceivable. King of Poland dies; and there ensue huge Anarchies in
that Country.
KING OF POLAND DIES; AND THERE ENSUE HUGE ANARCHIES IN THAT COUNTRY.
The poor old King of Poland--whom we saw, on that fall of the
curtain at Pirna seven years ago, rush off for Warsaw with his
Bruhl, with expressive speed and expressive silence, and who has
been waiting there ever since, sublimely confident that his
powerful terrestrial friends, Austria, Russia, France, not to speak
of Heaven's justice at all, would exact due penalty, of signal and
tremendous nature, on the Prussian Aggressor--has again been
disappointed. The poor old Gentleman got no compensation for his
manifold losses and woes at Pirna or elsewhere; not the least
mention of such a thing, on the final winding-up of that War of
Seven Years, in which his share had been so tragical;
no alleviation was provided for him in this world. His sorrows in
Poland have been manifold; nothing but anarchies, confusions and
contradictions had been his Royal portion there: in about Forty
different Diets he had tried to get some business done,--no use
asking what; for the Diets, one and all, exploded in NIE POZWALAM;
and could do no business, good, bad or indifferent, for him or
anybody. An unwise, most idle Country; following as chief
employment perpetual discrepancy with its idle unwise King and
self; Russia the virtual head of it this long while, so far as it
has any head.
FEBRUARY-AUGUST, 1763, just while the Treaty of Hubertsburg was
blessing everybody with the return of Peace, and for long months
after Peace had returned to everybody, Polish Majesty was in sore
trouble. Trouble in regard to Courland, to his poor Son Karl, who
fancied himself elected, under favor and permission of the late
Czarina our gracious Protectress and Ally, to the difficult post of
Duke in Courland; and had proceeded, three or four years ago, to
take possession,--but was now interrupted by Russian encroachments
and violences. Not at all well disposed to him, these new Peters,
new Catharines. They have recalled their Bieren from Siberia;
declare that old Bieren is again Duke, or at least that young
Bieren is, and not Saxon Karl at all; and have proceeded, Czarina
Catharine has, to install him forcibly with Russian soldiers.
Karl declares, "You shall kill ME before you or he get into this
Palace of Mietau!"--and by Domestics merely, and armed private
Gentlemen, he does maintain himself in said Palatial Mansion;
valiantly indignant, for about six months; the Russian Battalions
girdling him on all sides, minatory more and more, but loath to
begin actual bloodshed. [Rulhiere, ii. (livre v.) 81 et antea;
Hermann, v. 348 et seq.] A transaction very famed in those parts,
and still giving loud voice in the Polish Books, which indeed get
ever noisier from this point onward, till they end in inarticulate
shrieks, as we shall too well hear.
Empress Catharine, after the lapse of six months, sends an
Ambassador to Warsaw (Kayserling by name), who declares, in tone
altogether imperative, that Czarish Majesty feels herself weary of
such contumacy, weary generally of Polish Majesty's and Polish
Republic's multifarious contumacies; and, in fine, cruelest of all,
that she has troops on the frontier; that Courland is not the only
place where she has troops. What a stab to the poor old man!
"Contumacies?" Has not he been Russia's patient stepping-stone, all
along; his anarchic Poland and he accordant in that, if in nothing
else? "Let us to Saxony," decides he passionately, "and leave all
this." In Saxony his poor old Queen is dead long since; much is
dead: Saxony and Life generally, what a Golgotha! He immediately
sends word to Karl, "Give up Courland; I am going home!"--and did
hastily make his packages, and bid adieu to Warsaw, and, in a few
weeks after to this anarchic world altogether. Died at Dresden,
5th October, 1763.
Polish Majesty had been elected 5th October, 1733; died, you
observe, 5th October, 1763;--was King of Poland ("King," save the
mark!) for 30 years to a day. Was elected--do readers still
remember how? Leaves a ruined Saxony lying round him; a ruined life
mutely asking him, "Couldst thou have done no better, then?"
Wretched Bruhl followed him in four or five weeks. Nay, in about
two months, his Son and Successor, "Friedrich Christian" (with whom
we dined at Moritzburg), had followed him; [Prince died 17th
December (Bruhl, 18th November), 1763.] leaving a small Boy, age
13, as new Kurfurst, "Friedrich August" the name of him, with
guardians to manage the Minority; especially with his Mother as
chief guardian,--of whom, for two reasons, we are now to say
something. Reason FIRST is, That she is really a rather brilliant,
distinguished creature, distinguished more especially in
Friedrich's world; whose LETTERS to her are numerous, and, in their
kind, among the notablest he wrote;--of which we would gladly give
some specimen, better or worse; and reason SECOND, That in so
doing, we may contrive to look, for a moment or two, into the
preliminary Polish Anarchies at first-hand; and, transiently and
far off, see something of them as if with our own eyes.
Marie-Antoine, or Marie-Antoinette, Electress of Saxony, is still a
bright Lady, and among the busiest living; now in her 40th year:
"born 17th July, 1724; second child of Kaiser Karl VII.;"--a living
memento to us of those old times of trouble. Papa, when she came to
him, was in his 27th year; this was his second daughter;
three years afterwards he had a son (born 1727; died 1777), who
made the "Peace of Fussen," to Friedrich's disgust, in 1745, if
readers recollect;--and who, dying childless, will give rise to
another War (the "Potato War" so called), for Friedrich's behoof
and ours. This little creature would be in her teens during that
fatal Kaisership (1742-1745, her age then 18-21),--during those
triumphs, flights and furnished-lodging intricacies. Her Mamma,
whom we have seen, a little fat bullet given to devotion, was four
years younger than Papa. Mamma died "11th December, 1756," Germany
all blazing out in War again; she had been a Widow eleven years.
Marie-Antoine was wedded to Friedrich Christian, Saxon Kurprinz,
"20th June, 1747;" her age 23, his 25:--Chronology itself is
something, if one will attend to it, in the absence of all else!
The young pair were Cousins, their Mothers being Sisters;
Polish Majesty one's Uncle, age now 51,--who was very fond of us,
poor indolent soul, and glad of our company on an afternoon, "being
always in his dressing-gown by 2 o'clock." Concerning which the
tongue of Court scandal was not entirely idle,--Hanbury
chronicling, as we once noticed. All which I believe to be mere
lying wind. The young Princess was beautiful; extremely clever,
graceful and lively, we can still see for ourselves: no wonder poor
Polish Majesty, always in his dressing-gown by 2, was charmed to
have her company,--the rather as I hope she permitted him a little
smoking withal.
Her husband was crook-backed; and, except those slight, always
perfectly polite little passages, in Schmettau's Siege (1759), in
the Hubertsburg Treaty affair, in the dinner at Moritzburg, I never
heard much history of him. He became Elector 5th October, 1763;
but enjoyed the dignity little more than two months. Our Princess
had borne him seven children,--three boys, four girls,--the eldest
about 13, a Boy, who succeeded; the youngest a girl, hardly 3.
The Boy is he who sent Gellert the caparisoned Horse, and had
estafettes on the road while Gellert lay dying. This Boy lived to
be 77, and saw strange things in the world; had seen Napoleon and
the French Revolution; was the first "King of Saxony" so called;
saw Jena, retreat of Moscow; saw the "Battle of the Nations"
(Leipzig, 15th-18th October, 1813), and his great Napoleon
terminate in bankruptcy. He left no Son. A Brother, age 72,
succeeded him as King for a few years; whom again a Brother would
have succeeded, had not he (this third Brother, age now 66)
renounced, in favor of HIS Son, the present King of Saxony.
Enough, enough!--
August 28th, 1763, while afflicted Polish Majesty is making his
packages at Warsaw, far away,--Marie-Antoinette, in Dresden, had
sent Friedrich an Opera of her composing, just brought out by her
on her Court-theatre there. Here is Friedrich's Answer,--to what
kind of OPERA I know not, but to a Letter accompanying it which is
extremely pretty.
FRIEDRICH TO THE ELECTORAL PRINCESS (at Dresden).
"POTSDAM, 5th September, 1763.
"MADAM MY SISTER,--The remembrance your Royal Highness sends is the
more flattering to me, as I regret infinitely not to have been
spectator and hearer of the fine things [Opera THALESTRIS, words
and music entirely lost to us] which I have admired for myself in
the silent state.
"I wish I could send you things as pleasant out of these parts:
but, Madam, I am obliged to give you a hint, which may be useful if
you can have it followed. In Saxony, however, my Letters get
opened;--which obliges me to send this by a special Messenger;
and him, that he may cause no suspicion, I have charged with fruits
from my garden. You will have the goodness to say [if anybody is
eavesdropping] that you asked them of me at Moritzburg, when I was
happy enough to see you there [six months ago, coming home from the
Seven-Years War]. The hint I had to give was this:--
"In Petersburg people's minds are getting angry at the stubbornness
your friends show in refusing to recognize Duke Bieren [home from
Siberia, again Duke of Courland, by Russian appointment, as if
Russia had that right; Polish Majesty and his Prince Karl resisting
to the uttermost]. I counsel you to induce the powerful in your
circle to have this condescension [they have had it, been obliged
to have it, though Friedrich does not yet know]; for it will turn
out ill to them, if they persist in being obstinately stiff.
It begins already to be said That there are more than a million
Russian subjects at this time refugees in Poland; whom, by I forget
what cartel, the Republic was bound to deliver up. Orders have been
given to Detachments of Military to enter certain places, and bring
away these Russians by force. In a word, you will ruin your affairs
forever, unless you find means to produce a change of conduct on
the part of him they complain of. Take, Madam, what I now say as a
mark of the esteem and profound regard with which--"--F.
[ OEuvres de Frederic, xxiv. 46.]
This hint, if the King knew, had been given, in a less kind shape,
by Necessity itself; and had sent Polish Majesty, and his Bruhls
and "powerful people," bodily home, and out of that Polish Russian
welter, in a headlong and tragically passionate condition.
Electoral Princess, next time she writes, is become Electress all
at once.
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