October, 1993 [Etext #87]Part 24 out of 42Moldovan (official); note - virtually the same as the Romanian language, Russian Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 99% Labor force: 2.095 million by occupation: agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures) *Moldova, Government Names: conventional long form: Republic of Moldova conventional short form: Moldova local long form: Republica Moldoveneasca local short form: none former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia Digraph: MD Type: republic Capital: Chisinau (Kishinev) Administrative divisions: previously divided into 40 rayons; to be divided into fewer, larger districts at some future point Independence: 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) Constitution: as of mid-1993 the new constitution had not been adopted; old constitution (adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has been heavily amended during the past few years Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents National holiday: Independence Day, 27 August 1991 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Ivrie ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Oazul NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian Democratic Party, Valery CHEBOTARV, leader; Democratic Party, Gheorghe GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman Other political or pressure groups: United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; The Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for Greater Romania; Women's League; Stefan the Great Movement Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA1996); results - Mircea SNEGUR ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote Parliament: last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (350 total) Christian Democratic Popular Front 50; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club 90; Social Democrats 60-70; Russian Conciliation Club 50; 60-70 seats belong to Dniester region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan legislative proceedings; the remaining seats filled by independents; note - until May 1991 was called Supreme Soviet *Moldova, Government Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Mircea Ivanovich SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) Head of Legislature: Chairman of the Parliament Petru LUCINSCHI (since 4 February 1993); Prime Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992) Member of: BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Permanent Representative to the UN Tudor PANTIRU (also acts as representative to US) chancery: NA telephone: NA US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON embassy: Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: 7-0422-23-37-72 or 23-34-94 FAX: 7-0422-23-34-94 Flag: same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow *Moldova, Economy Overview: Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on other former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the other republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and has legalized private ownership of property. Moldova's near-term economic prospects are dimmed, however, by the difficulties of moving toward a market economy, the political problems of redefining ties to the other former Soviet republics and Romania, and the ongoing separatist movements in the Dniester and Gagauz regions. In 1992, national output fell substantially for the second consecutive year - down 22% in the industrial sector and 20% in agriculture. The decline is mainly attributable to the drop in energy supplies. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -26% (1992) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate: 0.7% (includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers) Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: 100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals (1991) partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania Imports: 100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer durables partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania External debt: $100 million (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -22% (1992) Electricity: 3,115,000 kW capacity; 11,100 million kWh produced, 2,491 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles *Moldova, Economy Agriculture: Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), eggs (1.4%) Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe Economic aid: IMF credit, $18.5 million (1992); EC agricultural credit, $30 million (1992); US commitments, $10 million for grain (1992); World Bank credit, $31 million Currency: plans to introduce the Moldovan lei in 1993 or 1994, until then retaining Russian ruble as currency Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations Fiscal year: calendar year *Moldova, Communications Railroads: 1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways: 20,000 km total; 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth (1990) Pipelines: natural gas 310 km (1992) Ports: none; landlocked Airports: total: 26 useable: 15 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8 Telecommunications: poorly supplied with telephones (as of 1991, 494,000 telephones total, with a density of 111 lines per 1000 persons); 215,000 unsatisfied applications for telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline and to countries beyond the former USSR through the international gateway switch in Moscow *Moldova, Defense Forces Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,082,562; fit for military service 859,948; reach military age (18) annually 35,769 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP *Monaco, Geography Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France near the border with Italy Map references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 1.9 km2 land area: 1.9 km2 comparative area: about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km Coastline: 4.1 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: almost entirely urban Note: second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See) *Monaco, People Population: 31,008 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.93% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 10.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 12.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 10.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.5 years male: 73.7 years female: 81.49 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) adjective: Monacan or Monegasque Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% Religions: Roman Catholic 95% Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA *Monaco, Government Names: conventional long form: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Monaco local long form: Principaute de Monaco local short form: Monaco Digraph: MN Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Monaco Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo Independence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi) Constitution: 17 December 1962 Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 19 November Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD); Monaco Action; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM) Suffrage: 25 years of age; universal Elections: National Council: last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18 Executive branch: prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral National Council (Conseil National) Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) Leaders: Chief of State: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) Head of Government: Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA) Member of: ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO Diplomatic representation in US: honorary consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) honorary consulates: Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington US diplomatic representation: no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is accredited to Monaco *Monaco, Government Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red *Monaco, Economy Overview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $16,000 (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NEGL% Budget: revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991) Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with France Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with France External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 10,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power imported from France Agriculture: NA Economic aid: NA Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year *Monaco, Communications Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge Highways: none; city streets Ports: Monaco Merchant marine: 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT Airports: 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways Telecommunications: served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no communication satellite earth stations *Monaco, Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of France *Mongolia, Geography Location: East Central Asia, between China and Russia Map references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 1.565 million km2 land area: 1.565 million km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska Land boundaries: total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 79% forest and woodland: 10% other: 10% Irrigated land: 770 km2 (1989) Environment: harsh and rugged Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia *Mongolia, People Population: 2,367,054 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.62% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.77 years male: 63.53 years female: 68.13 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor *Mongolia, Government Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia Digraph: MG Type: republic Capital: Ulaanbaatar Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China) Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992 Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921) Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party, Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP), Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party, Mongolian Workers Party Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) State Great Hural: first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1 note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists *Mongolia, Government Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral State Great Hural Judicial branch: Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts Leaders: Chief of State: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA) Member of: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV chancery: NA telephone: (301) 983-1962 FAX: (301) 983-2025 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE embassy: address NA, Ulaanbaatar mailing address: Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606 FAX: Telex 080079253 AMEMB MH Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) *Mongolia, Economy Overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally planned economy through privatization and price reform. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: -15% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $800 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 325% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.) Budget: deficit of $67 million (1991) Exports: $347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals partners: USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4% Imports: $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% External debt: $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR Industrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.) Electricity: 1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal) Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage *Mongolia, Economy Economic aid: about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992 Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989) Fiscal year: calendar year *Mongolia, Communications Railroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988) Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988) Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988) Airports: total: 81 usable: 31 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: fewer than 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: fewer than 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12 Telecommunications: 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at least 1 earth station *Mongolia, Defense Forces Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach military age (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992) *Montserrat, Header Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) *Montserrat, Geography Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 100 km2 land area: 100 km2 comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 40 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 40% other: 30% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: subject to severe hurricanes from June to November Note: located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea *Montserrat, People Population: 12,661 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.36% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 16.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 11.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.76 years male: 74 years female: 77.56 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: Montserratian Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations Languages: English Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97% Labor force: 5,100 by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.) *Montserrat, Government Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montserrat Digraph: MH Type: dependent territory of the UK Capital: Plymouth Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) Constitution: 1 January 1960 Legal system: English common law and statute law National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June) Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: Legislative Council: last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1 Executive branch: monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David TAYLOR (since NA 1990) Head of Government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991) Member of: CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross *Montserrat, Economy Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $73 million (1990 est.) National product real growth rate: 13.5% (1990 est.) National product per capita: $5,800 (1990 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1991) Unemployment rate: 3% (1987) Budget: revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1988) Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle partners: NA Imports: $31.0 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials partners: NA External debt: $2.05 million (1987) Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP Electricity: 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 950 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 million Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March *Montserrat, Communications Highways: 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth Ports: Plymouth Airports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV *Montserrat, Defense Forces Branches: Police Force Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK *Morocco, Geography Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 446,550 km2 land area: 446,300 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than California Land boundaries: total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km Coastline: 1,835 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Terrain: mostly mountains with rich coastal plains Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt Land use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 28% forest and woodland: 12% other: 41% Irrigated land: 12,650 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; desertification Note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar *Morocco, People Population: 27,955,090 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.16% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 29.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 53.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.5 years male: 65.7 years female: 69.4 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: Moroccan Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50% male: 61% female: 38% Labor force: 7.4 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985) *Morocco, Government Names: conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco conventional short form: Morocco local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah local short form: Al Maghrib Digraph: MO Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Rabat Administrative divisions: 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al, Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat,, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France) Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised in September 1992 Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne) Political parties and leaders: Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Popular Movement (MPN), Mahjoubi AHARDANE; Istiqlal, M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal Elections: Chamber of Representatives: last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but postponed until June 1993 when 27 new seats will be added); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (306 total, 206 elected) UC 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, other 14 Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed KARIM-LAMRANI (since October 1992) *Morocco, Government Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone: (202) 462-7979 consulate general: New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat mailing address: P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718 telephone: [212] (7) 76-22-65 FAX: [212] (7) 76-56-61 consulate general: Casablanca Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam *Morocco, Economy Overview: The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped real GDP advance by 4.2%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand, import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt. This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain severe long-term problems. In 1992 Morocco embarked on a program to privatize 112 state-owned companies. A severe winter drought in 1991/92 cut back agricultural output in 1992. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28.1 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 0% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $1,060 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 19% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992) Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17% partners: EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, former USSR 3%, US 2% Imports: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% partners: EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, former USSR 3%, Japan 2% External debt: $20 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 8.4%; accounts for 27% of GDP (1990) Electricity: 2,384,000 kW capacity; 8,864 million kWh produced, 317 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism *Morocco, Economy Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fish catch of 491,000 metric tons in 1987 Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe. Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion and an additional $123.6 million for 1992; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991) Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.207 (February 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year *Morocco, Communications Railroads: 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km electrified) Highways: 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, and unimproved earth Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km Ports: Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla Merchant marine: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 305,758 GRT/484,825 DWT; 10 cargo, 2 container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 4 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 2 short-sea passenger Airports: total: 73 usable: 65 with permanent-surface runways: 26 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26 Telecommunications: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones (10.5 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to Algeria; microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco *Morocco, Defense Forces Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,852,698; fit for military service 4,355,670; reach military age (18) annually 309,666 (1993 est.); limited conscription Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget) *Mozambique, Geography Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa and Tanzania opposite the island of Madagascar Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 801,590 km2 land area: 784,090 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California Land boundaries: total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km Coastline: 2,470 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical to subtropical Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west Natural resources: coal, titanium Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 56% forest and woodland: 20% other: 20% Irrigated land: 1,150 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification *Mozambique, People Population: 16,341,777 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 6.06% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 45.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 16.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 31.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 131.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.03 years male: 46.22 years female: 49.9 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Mozambican(s) adjective: Mozambican Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000 Religions: indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 33% male: 45% female: 21% Labor force: NA by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture *Mozambique, Government Names: conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique conventional short form: Mozambique local long form: Republica Popular de Mocambique local short form: Mocambique Digraph: MZ Type: republic Capital: Maputo Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) Constitution: 30 November 1990 Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975) Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR; FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990, when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system note: the government plans multiparty elections as early as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO), and the Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO, Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president), have already emerged Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly elections Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO *Mozambique, Government Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 293-7146 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr. embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo telephone: [258] (1) 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50 FAX: [258] (1) 49-01-14 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book *Mozambique, Economy Overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. The continuation of civil strife has dimmed chances of foreign investment, and growth was a mere 0.3% in 1992. Living standards, already abysmally low, fell further in 1991-92. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.75 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 0.3% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $115 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.) Budget: revenues $252 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) Exports: $162 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% partners: US, Western Europe, Germany, Japan Imports: $899 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum partners: US, Western Europe, USSR External debt: $5.4 billion (1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.) Electricity: 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 million Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos *Mozambique, Economy Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,74.15 (January 1993), 2,433.34 (1992), 1,434.47 (1991), 929.00 (1990), 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year *Mozambique, Communications Railroads: 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to closure because of insurgency Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes Pipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km Ports: Maputo, Beira, Nacala Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWT Airports: total: 194 usable: 131 with permanent-surface runways: 25 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26 Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT *Mozambique, Defense Forces Branches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,675,189; fit for military service 2,110,489 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993 est.) *Namibia, Geography Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and South Africa Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 824,290 km2 land area: 823,290 km2 comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska Land boundaries: total 3,935 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, Zambia 233 km Coastline: 1,489 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in the Linyanti River Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 64% forest and woodland: 22% other: 13% Irrigated land: 40 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification Note: Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia *Namibia, People Population: 1,541,321 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 3.46% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 43.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 63.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.2 years male: 58.57 years female: 63.91 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.46 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Namibian(s) adjective: Namibian Ethnic divisions: black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe Religions: Christian Languages: English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1960) total population: 38% male: 45% female: 31% Labor force: 500,000 by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.) *Namibia, Government Names: conventional long form: Republic of Namibia conventional short form: Namibia Digraph: WA Type: republic Capital: Windhoek Administrative divisions: 13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi, Ohanguena, Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa note: the 26 districts were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek Independence: 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990 Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution National holiday: Independence Day, 21 March (1990) Political parties and leaders: South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia (DTA; formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia), Dirk MUDGE; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKORO Other political or pressure groups: NA Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National Assembly) National Assembly: last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 National Council: last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998); seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1 Executive branch: president, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or National Council and a lower house or National Assembly Judicial branch: Supreme Court *Namibia, Government Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990) Member of: ACP, C, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box 34738, Washington, DC 20043) telephone: (202) 986-0540 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Marshall MCCAULEY embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek mailing address: P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000 telephone: [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680 FAX: [264] (61) 229-792 Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders *Namibia, Economy Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 2% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $1,300 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1992) in urban area Unemployment rate: 25-35% (1992) Budget: revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital expenditures of $144 million (FY 92) Exports: $1.184 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish, karakul skins partners: Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, Japan Imports: $1.238 billion (f.o.b., 1991) *Namibia, Economy commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment partners: South Africa, Germany, US, Switzerland External debt: about $220 million (1992 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining Electricity: 490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, diamond, uranium) Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient in food Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $47.2 million Currency: 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents Exchange rates: South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988) Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March *Namibia, Communications Railroads: 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks Ports: Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa) Airports: total: 137 usable: 112 with permanent-surface runways: 21 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 62 Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV *Namibia, Defense Forces Branches: National Defense Force (Army), Police Manpower availability: males age 15-49 324,599; fit for military service 192,381 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92) *Nauru, Geography Location: Oceania, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea Map references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World
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