The 1995 CIA World FactbookPart 43 out of 45address -- P.O. Box 179, The Morne, Castries, St. Lucia telephone -- [1] (809) 452 2537 FAX -- [1] (809) 453 1628 established -- 18 June 1981 effective -- 4 July 1981 aim -- to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation members -- (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines associate member -- (1) British Virgin Islands Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) address -- Obere Donaustrasse 93, A-1020 Vienna, Austria telephone -- [43] (1) 21 11 20 FAX -- [43] (1) 26 43 20 established -- 14 September 1960 aim -- to coordinate petroleum policies members -- (12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) address -- Kilo 6, Mecca Road, P.O. Box 178, Jeddah 21411, Saudi Arabia telephone -- [966] (2) 680-0800 FAX -- [966] (2) 687-3568 established -- 22-25 September 1969 aim -- to promote Islamic solidarity in economic, social, cultural, and political affairs members -- (48 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization observers -- (3) Kazakhstan, Mozambique, "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) note -- formerly the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) address -- Thunovska 12, Mala Strana, 110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic telephone -- [422] (2) 24311069 FAX -- [422] (2) 24310629 established -- 1 January 1995 aim -- to discuss issues of mutual concern and to review implementation of the Helsinki Agreement members -- (53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia (suspended) observer -- (1) The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Paris Club see -- Group of 10 Partnership for Peace (PFP) established -- 10-11 January 1994 aim -- to expand and intensify political and military cooperation throughout Europe, increase stability, diminish threats to peace, and build relationships by promoting the spirit of practical cooperation and commitment to democratic principles that underpin NATO; program under the auspices of NATO members -- (24) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) address -- Peace Palace, Carnegieplein 2, NL-2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands telephone -- [31] (70) 346 96 80 FAX -- [31] (70) 356 13 38 established -- 29 July 1899 aim -- to facilitate the settlement of international disputes members -- (80) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zaire, Zimbabwe Population Commission address -- c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 754 1234 established -- 3 October 1946 aim -- to deal with population matters of importance to the UN, as part of Economic and Social Council organization members -- (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Rio Group (RG) note -- formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established in December 1986 established -- NA 1988 aim -- to consult on regional Latin American issues members -- (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note - Panama was expelled in 1988 Second World another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states of the USSR and Eastern Europe, with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies Social Commission see -- Commission for Social Development socialist countries in general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries South a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) address -- P.O. Box 4222, Kathmandu, Nepal telephone -- [977] (1) 221785, 221787, 221794 FAX -- [977] (1) 227033 established -- 8 December 1985 aim -- to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation members -- (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka South Pacific Commission (SPC) address -- Anse Vata, BP D5 Noumea CEDEX, New Caledonia telephone -- [687] 26 20 00 FAX [687] 26 38 18 established -- 6 February 1947 effective -- 29 July 1948 aim -- to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters members -- (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa South Pacific Forum (SPF) address -- c/o forum Secretariat, Ratu Sukuna Road GPO Box 856, Suva, Fiji telephone -- [679] 312 600, 303 106 FAX -- [679] 302 204 established -- 5 August 1971 aim -- to promote regional cooperation in political matters members -- (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa observer -- (1) Palau South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) address -- (see South Pacific Forum) established -- NA 1981 aim -- to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New Zealand with small island economies in Pacific region members -- (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa Southern African Customs Union (SACU) address -- Director General, Trade and Industry, Private Bag X84, Pretoria 0001, South Africa established -- 11 December 1969 aim -- to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters members -- (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda Southern African Development Community (SADC) note -- evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) address -- Private Bag 008, Gaborone, Botswana telephone -- [267] (31) 51863, 51864, 51865 FAX -- [267] (31) 372848 established -- 17 August 1992 aim -- to promote regional economic development and integration members -- (11) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) address -- c/o Cancilleria de la Republica de Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina established -- 26 March 1991 aim -- to increase regional economic cooperation members -- (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Statistical Commission address -- c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 established -- 21 June 1946 aim -- to deal with development and standardization of national statistics of interest to the UN, as part of the Economic and Social Council organization members -- (24) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Third World another term for the less developed countries; the term is fading from use; see -- less developed countries (LDCs) underdeveloped countries refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above- average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs) undeveloped countries refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs) Union Douaniere et Economique de l 'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC) see -- Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) United Nations (UN) address -- United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 established -- 26 June 1945 effective -- 24 October 1945 aim -- to maintain international peace and security and to promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems members -- (184 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members are represented in the General Assembly observers -- (2 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Holy See, Switzerland, Palestine Liberation Organization United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II) note -- successor to original UNAVEM address -- c/o United Nations, UNAVEM II, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 established -- 20 December 1988 aim -- to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola; established by the UN Security Council members -- (16) Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Zimbabwe United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) established -- 5 October 1993 aim -- to monitor ceasefire agreement, to support and provide safe conditions for displaced persons; established by the UN Security Council members -- (17) Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, Congo, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia, Uruguay, Zimbabwe United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) note -- acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN International Children's Emergency Fund address -- UNICEF House, Three United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 326 7000 established -- 11 December 1946 aim -- to help establish child health and welfare services members -- (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) address -- Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland telephone -- [41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34 FAX -- [41] (22) 907 00 57 established -- 30 December 1964 aim -- to promote international trade members -- (187) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga United Nations Development Program (UNDP) address -- One United National Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 906 5788, 906 500 FAX [1] (212) 906 5365 established -- 22 November 1965 aim -- to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social development members -- (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) address -- c/o UNDOF, P.O. Box 5368, Damascus, Syrian AR established -- 31 May 1974 aim -- to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli ceasefire; established by the UN Security Council members -- (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) address -- 7 place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris, France telephone -- [33] (1) 45 68 10 00 FAX -- [33] (1) 45 67 16 90 established -- 16 November 1945 effective -- 4 November 1946 aim -- to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture members -- (182) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe associate members -- (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) address -- One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 906 5000 FAX -- [1] (212) 826 2057 established -- 15 December 1972 aim -- to promote international cooperation on all environmental matters members -- (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 4 March 1964 aim -- to serve as a peacekeeping force between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus; established by the UN Security Council members -- (8) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, UK United Nations General Assembly address -- see United Nations established -- 26 June 1945 effective -- 24 October 1945 aim -- to function as the primary deliberative organ of the UN members -- (185) all UN members are represented in the General Assembly United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) address -- Vienna International Center, P.O. Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria telephone -- [43] (1) 211 310 FAX -- [43] (1) 23 21 56 established -- 17 November 1966 effective -- 1 January 1967 aim -- UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development especially among the members members -- (166) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) established -- 11 December 1963 aim -- to help the UN become more effective through training and research members (Board of Trustees) - (24) Argentina, Belgium, Canada, China, Cote d'Ivoire, France, Germany, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Libya, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, US, Yugoslavia United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 19 March 1978 aim -- to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon; established by the UN Security Council members -- (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway, Poland United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 9 April 1991 aim -- to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone established between Iraq and Kuwait; established by the UN Security Council members -- (33) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) address -- c/o OUSGSPA, Room 3853, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 4457 FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 established -- 13 August 1948 aim -- to observe the 1949 India-Pakistan ceasefire; established by the UN Security Council members -- (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Uruguay United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) established -- 23 September 1993 aim -- to assist in implementing the agreement to transfer power back into the civilian government; established by the UN Security Council members -- (14) Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Canada, France, Indonesia, Madagascar, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, US, Venezuela United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) established -- 22 September 1993 aim -- to assist in the implementation of the peace agreement; established by the UN Security Council members -- (13) Austria, Bangladesh, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea- Bissau, India, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Slovakia, Uruguay United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 29 April 1991 aim -- to supervise the referendum in Western Sahara; established by the UN Security Council members -- (27) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, US, Venezuela United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 20 May 1991 aim -- to verify ceasefire arrangements and to monitor the maintenance of public order pending the organization of a new National Civil Police; established by the UN Security Council members -- (14) Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 1993 for a period of six months aim -- to verify compliance with the cease-fire agreement reached 27 July 1993 and investigate reports of violations of that agreement; established by the UN Security Council members -- (7) Bangladesh, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 1993 for six months aim -- to monitor the Uganda/Rwanda border to verify that no military assistance reaches Rwanda across the border; established by the UN Security Council members -- (8) Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Hungary, Netherlands, Senegal, Slovakia, Zimbabwe United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) address -- Case postale 2500, Depot, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland telephone -- [41] (22) 739 81 11 FAX -- [41] (22) 731 95 46 established -- 3 December 1949 effective -- 1 January 1951 aim -- to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent solutions to refugee problems members -- (47) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ) note -- supposed to shut down 31 January 1995 address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 16 December 1992 aim -- to supervise the ceasefire; established by the UN Security Council members -- (27) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, US, Uruguay, Zambia United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II) note -- UN peacekeepers left Somalia on 1 March 1995; some UN personnel remain in Somalia engaged in humanitarian work address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 24 April 1992 aim -- to facilitate an immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain a ceasefire in order to promote a political settlement, and to provide urgent humanitarian assistance; established by the UN Security Council members -- (14) Australia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, India, Ireland, Malaysia, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Zimbabwe United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) note -- acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for Population Activities address -- 220 E. 42nd Street, 19th Floor, Room DN-1901, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 297 5000 FAX -- [1] (212) 557 6416 established -- NA July 1967 aim -- to assist both developed and developing countries to deal with their population problems members -- (52) selected on a rotating basis from all regions United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 established -- 28 February 1992 aim -- to create conditions for peace and security required for the negotiation of an overall settlement of the "Yugoslav" crisis; established by the UN Security Council members -- (35) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Venezuela United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) address -- Vienna International Center, P. O. Box 700, A-1400 Vienna, Austria telephone -- [43] (1) 211 31, ext. 4530 FAX -- [43] (1) 230 7487 established -- 8 December 1949 aim -- to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees members -- (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, UK, US United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) established -- 1 July 1964 aim -- to conduct research into the problems of economic development during different phases of economic growth members -- no country members, but a Board of Directors consisting of a chairman appointed by the UN secretary general and 10 individual members United Nations Secretariat address -- see United Nations established -- 26 June 1945 effective -- 24 October 1945 aim -- to serve as the primary administrative organ of the UN; a Secretary General is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council members -- the UN secretary general and staff United Nations Security Council address -- c/o United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 established -- 26 June 1945 effective -- 24 October 1945 aim -- to maintain international peace and security permanent members -- (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US nonpermanent members -- (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly; Argentina (1994-95), Brazil (1993-94), Czech Republic (1994-95), Djibouti (1993-94), NZ (1993-94), Nigeria (1994-95), Oman (1994-95), Pakistan (1993-94), Rwanda (1994-95), Spain (1993-94) United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) established by the UN Security Council on 28 February 1992 to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and to the holding of free elections; disbanded sometime after the UN-supervised election in May 1993; members were Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Fiji, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) address -- Government House, P.O. Box 490, Jerusalem, Israel telephone -- [972] (2) 734 223 established -- NA May 1948 aim -- to supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan; initially established by the UN Security Council members -- (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US United Nations Trusteeship Council established on 26 June 1945, effective on 24 October 1945, to supervise the administration of the 11 UN trust territories; members were China, France, Russia, UK, US; its mandate ended on 1 October 1994 when the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) became the Republic of Palau, a self-governing territory in free association with the US United Nations University (UNU) established -- 6 December 1973 aim -- to conduct research in development, welfare, and human survival and to train scholars members (associated institutes) -- (32) Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela Universal Postal Union (UPU) address -- Bureau International de lUPU, Weltpoststrasse 4, CH-3000 Berne 15, Switzerland telephone -- [41] (31) 350 31 11 FAX -- [41] (31) 350 31 10 established -- 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947 effective -- 1 July 1948 aim -- to promote international postal cooperation; a UN specialized agency members -- (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas Territories of the UK, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------ Warsaw Pact (WP) established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earlier members included East Germany and Albania West African Development Bank (WADB) note -- also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) address -- BOAD, BP 1172, 68 av de la liberation, Lome, Togo telephone -- [228] 21 59 06, 21 42 44, 21 01 13 FAX -- [228] 21 52 67, 21 72 69 established -- 14 November 1973 aim -- to promote regional economic development and integration members -- (7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo West African Economic Community (CEAO) note -- acronym from Communaute Economique de lAfrique de lOuest established on 3 June 1972 to promote regional economic development; its members were Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal; it was disbanded in 1994 Western European Union (WEU) address -- Rue de la Regence 4, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium telephone -- [32] (2) 500 44 11 FAX -- [32] (2) 511 35 19 established -- 23 October 1954 effective -- 6 May 1955 aim -- to provide mutual defense and to move toward political unification members -- (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK associate members -- (3) Iceland, Norway, Turkey associate partners -- (9) Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia observers -- (2) Denmark, Ireland World Bank see -- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) World Bank Group includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance Corporation (IFC) World Confederation of Labor (WCL) address -- Rue de Treves 33, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium telephone -- [32] (2) 230 62 95 FAX -- [32] (2) 230 87 22 established -- 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968 aim -- to promote the trade union movement members -- (99 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe World Court see -- International Court of Justice (ICJ) World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) address -- Branicka 112, Branik, CS-14700 Prague 4, Czech Republic telephone -- [42] (2) 46 21 40 FAX -- [42] (2) 46 13 78 established -- 3 October 1945 aim -- to promote the trade union movement members -- (116) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zimbabwe World Food Council (WFC) address -- c/o FAO, Via Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy telephone -- [39] (6) 522821 FAX -- [39] (6) 574 5091 established -- 17 December 1974 aim -- to study world food problems and to recommend solutions; ECOSOC organization members -- (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions World Food Program (WFP) address -- Via Cristoforo Colombo 426, I-00145 Rome, Italy telephone -- [39] (6) 522821 FAX -- [39] (6) 5123700, 5133537, 52282840 established -- 24 November 1961 aim -- to provide food aid in support of economic development or disaster relief; an ECOSOC organization members -- (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions World Health Organization (WHO) address -- CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland telephone -- [41] (22) 791 21 11, 791 32 23 FAX -- [41] (22) 791 07 46 established -- 22 July 1946 effective -- 7 April 1948 aim -- UN specialized agency concerned with health matters members -- (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niue, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe associate members -- (2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) address -- 34 chemin des Colombettes, Case Postale 18, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland telephone -- [41] (22) 730 9111 FAX -- [41] (22) 733 5428 established -- 14 July 1967 effective -- 26 April 1970 aim -- to furnish protection for literary, artistic, and scientific works; a UN specialized agency members -- (147) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe World Meteorological Organization (WMO) address -- Case Postale 2300, 41 Av Giuseppe-Motta, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland telephone -- [41] (22) 730 81 11 FAX -- [41] (22) 734 23 26 established -- 11 October 1947 effective -- 4 April 1951 aim -- to sponsor meteorological cooperation; a specialized UN agency members -- (175) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Caribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe World Tourism Organization (WTO or WToO) address -- Calle Capitan Haya 41, 28020 Madrid, Spain telephone -- [34] (1) 571 06 28 FAX -- [34] (1) 571 37 33 established -- 2 January 1975 aim -- to promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic development, international understanding, and peace members -- (121) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe associate members -- (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico observer -- (1) Holy See World Trade Organization (WTrO) will be added in The World Factbook 1996 Zangger Committee (ZC) established -- early 1970s aim -- to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty members -- (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US ________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX D Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental Agreements A Air Pollution -- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30% Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes Antarctic-Environmental Protocol -- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty B Biodiversity -- Convention on Biological Diversity C Climate Change -- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change D Desertification -- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa E Endangered Species -- Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Environmental Modification -- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques H Hazardous Wastes -- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal L Law of the Sea -- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) M Marine Dumping -- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter; note - also known as the London Convention Marine Life Conservation -- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas N Nuclear Test Ban -- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water O Ozone Layer Protection -- Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer S Ship Pollution -- Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) T Tropical Timber 83 -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 Tropical Timber 94 -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 W Wetlands -- Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat; note - also known as Ramsar Whaling -- International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling Note: Not all of the selected international environmental agreements have abbreviations. ________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX E Selected International Environmental Agreements Air Pollution see -- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30% Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes Antarctic-Environmental Protocol see -- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Antarctic Treaty opened for signature -- 1 December 1959 entered into force -- 23 June 1961 objective -- to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does not become the scene or object of international discord parties -- (42) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal note -- abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes opened for signature -- 22 March 1989 entered into force -- 5 May 1992 objective -- to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate parties -- (81) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Comoros, Cote dIvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Zaire, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (9) Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Germany, Guatemala, Haiti, Thailand, United States, Venezuela Biodiversity see -- Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity note -- abbreviated as Biodiversity opened for signature -- 5 June 1992 entered into force -- 29 December 1993 objective -- to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity parties -- (111) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (64) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Poland, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States, Yemen, former Yugoslavia Climate Change see -- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas note -- abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation opened for signature -- 29 April 1958 entered into force -- 20 March 1966 objective -- to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited parties -- (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (21) Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (Canada signed on behalf of Taiwan), Tunisia, Uruguay Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution opened for signature -- 13 November 1979 entered into force -- 16 March 1983 objective -- to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution parties -- (39) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (2) Holy See, San Marino Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) note -- abbreviated as Endangered Species opened for signature -- 3 March 1973 entered into force -- 1 July 1975 objective -- to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits parties -- (130) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (5) Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) note -- abbreviated as Marine Dumping opened for signature -- 29 December 1972 entered into force -- 30 August 1975 objective -- to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention parties -- (76) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia, Zaire Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques note -- abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature -- 10 December 1976 entered into force -- 5 October 1978 objective -- to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties -- (63) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (17) Bolivia, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda, Zaire Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) note -- abbreviated as Wetlands opened for signature -- 2 February 1971 entered into force -- 21 December 1975 objective -- to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value parties -- (83) Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinadad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia, Zambia Desertification see -- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa Endangered Species see -- Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Environmental Modification see -- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques Hazardous Wastes see -- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling note -- abbreviated as Whaling opened for signature -- 2 December 1946 entered into force -- 10 November 1948 objective -- to protect all species of whales from overfishing; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks parties -- (39) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France, Germany, Grenada, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands (Netherlands also extended the convention to Netherlands Antilles), New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles (withdrawing effective 30 June 1995), Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (1) Austria former parties -- (10) Belize, Canada, Ecuador, Egypt, Iceland, Jamaica, Mauritius, Panama, Philippines, Uruguay International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 note -- abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83 opened for signature -- 18 November 1983 entered into force -- 1 April 1985; this agreement will expire when the International Tropical Timber Ageement, 1994 goes into force objective -- to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources parties -- (52) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote dIvoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Zaire International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 note -- abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94 opened for signature -- 26 January 1994, but not yet in force objective -- to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective parties -- (3) Fiji, Japan, Liberia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (11) Cameroon, Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Gabon, Indonesia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Togo, United States Law of the Sea see -- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) Marine Dumping see -- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) Marine Life Conservation see -- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer note -- abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection opened for signature -- 16 September 1987 entered into force -- 1 January 1989 objective -- to protect the ozone layer by controling emissions of substances that deplete it parties -- (148) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocol to Macau), Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (1) Morocco Nuclear Test Ban see -- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water Ozone Layer Protection see -- Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) note -- abbreviated as Ship Pollution opened for signature -- 17 February 1978 entered into force -- 2 October 1983 objective -- to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances parties -- (91) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty note -- abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol opened for signature -- 4 October 1991, but not yet in force objective -- to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems parties -- (14) Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, Ecuador, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (27) Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides opened for signature -- 31 October 1988 entered into force -- 14 February 1991 objective -- to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes parties -- (25) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
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