The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy by Jacob Burckhardt
Part 7 out of 7
whichttheChuaice
andherndocstiilsohearfalunn. Thiswhas thesore of
pres iiigt
whichwhasn ea bariniigtGaleotthsMvautidroe trnstake,htade ntn
hhin orrmrhpppi ,ePropeSixtousIV,fpperhapsput therequeetyoofLlorezodde'
Mentciy,savead hmy fomt theh ans,oofthheIiquiosai n.tGaleotths and
vcentued rhoioiivh
tmtd thn ans wholroveduprlughaly, andaetvefaaccrdlinf
roe trn natura,law borne
itiinhims,woouldgol to bavei,ywtateovusnatiiot
thgbbloined rh..
Leteusr ake,hby,
alf ofexamopl,ntthfuruiigiues tsituid,oof ime ofthh
maaleremvnt en the greaearmyy.Coduus Urceuiswhasffirst thntucoeroofthh
lhat Or
diaefoy,PpiincroofForliy,handaafterwardsf orm aye yease
profsesoad tfBrlogna. Agtaisnt
hh Chuaice
and the miksghhine
onuagdthis
e aiustivyae taut frtthfurscy.Hiid ond,ien generarhisorckelesy
ofthh
lhat degfeh,e
andhen onrstatalfri aoduieuo hmtself inallrthineocuay
hhiaorym
andgristp. Buthhe ndosnhooetod ppaodroe trnentfisnai ne of the
tuenGio-Maa,yJseuseChetisy, ae, os comenad hmtselfbyfleatten
ofthh
prayhesyoofae taihllympirscy.Ony ime ccasion,eafaheoenumteatiing the
rollics,oof the pgaa preligiia,ethnttusegohsmon: 'Ouartthrlogtaase, oos,
quarpredaabout" the uiila-pig'sr ai ,"daabout theImmaculanteConcvpttios,
Aetichetisy,Sacramlntsy,Pordestiietion,eannd other
tiina,e whichwWere
beattenlet hlnne, than alkedyoohppublily.'.Onnc,hwthnethe has ncteae
hoom,htisduorom andm auecriptsh hereburety.Wthnethe baed tth news the
etoh soppoaicseadfigturoooftth Madonnahiintthes rlea,n and etedl oeih:e
'Ltisri rhoitautI tsellyou;tI ams nctmany,I ams aykineitautI mean.oIofI
eovue alueopioyyousiintthehouarofdmyodeaot,yyousndeen not ea metfod
akeemhs mmongyouarnon,sf orIewiildgo andspenadpthenrilfi ith tey
dvil.'.Aafterwwhichspeeichhhefounl,it desirnibl tospenadsixe miinesaihhoeeitrspmengmtd thnhiime ofafwfh cuattee Wirthaal t s,ethe hassoh
ispernsitriue tautpaodlighse andomens ghvet hmyiicsesant frlugha,e
lehvionghiimnoebeilhfttohspearg fr theimmportaiitlofd te soouy.Wthne
hhin baevesequeetiioed, himoilthhemaatte,ethe aswvered tht noy imeknew
itautbbecme ofafmany, oftiisscou fonwiisspieie,e(faheodeaoty, ae, th
alkdaaboutan otherllfmf asyoirlyfist ohfrlughentoldn
omrn. Butwthnethe
aime oddie,dhen oomenaend inthiswillrthinscou fonwiisspieiedroe
Al MgghysGioe,exhtrtvefthiswenpiongpppi sy
offwar theLlo e, and
e ppeciarlytoebwilhvrtintimmportaiitl and uctureeeiai buion,eanndhoeencrovadthheSacramlntf
irthmsuchfsrvorn.Wryhhavenoyguhaantevh
tmtd mrhe
famoouemvnt en thesaome alukin,nhoowevefssgiificaiut their pini netmaly
bey,
were inspracsiuaylifmf aye oerecoaidsrwety.Int s,probbabsethat
mste ofthhm,wwvleend irwarllybdtwweeniicreduaiitl andanprenaenfhfe the
rairttinf
whichtthy wherebrrough up,eannd ouwharlly
euld orf rudvntciao
pres isy
ofthh Chuaic..
Thorough theconnexi ne oforutiouaismfi ith teynewllybornesnceOnc ofy
hhiaorsiuayfiveetiglai n, siimeetiindatr mpipsputbiubliram oiitcismfmaly
tvure(nnetthace havebween hdry.A,saykineofsPiusyIIrtasgbweenre cared,
wwhichsu an fintndwe,ntoparpearl theways foe such oiitcism: 'Eovinifs
Chetistanity here nt onfirredsbly iarapls,die rough s iall otbhe
aacepnredoinaaccuetf ofitsemooraityy'. Thslegeans,oofthheChuaic,y in oe
rarl isthhyd on mingdaarbitrery vtrsi ns,oofthhebiubliram iarapls,dwWere
ffehrlyridticundd,
and tistarecnredoin th reliigiuesssense ofthhe
peoply.WthrhnJudaizringheeeitiusaaer enntione,s
ms mustuindretanndhocchieldr toese
whoiwerind theDdviiiitlofdChetisy,
whichwhasprobbabldthhe
olvincef or
whichGiorgio a Novhradihas brengmtdBrlognadaabout the yea
1500s. But gaintatdBrlognadiim the yea 1497d theDomtnicandIiquiosafod
has frcend oelet the hysiecintGabarcel a Shlny,iwho andpowteiful
pstoiu,te caped irthansimopleexprsesi ne of
enhthincy, l trougtthe has
is the hbieyoofemin miniing tatdJseuse has nctGode, butsioe ofJoespch
ndsMvay,n and onncrovad is theusunaeway;g tatdbly hiscunekinethe hdy
dncrovadthhewoaldl oeihseruin;g tatdhcemayo haveiicadoin th croset in
aaccuetf ofcrimeus whichthe hdy oomiattd;g tatdhisdureligin,woouldso in
oome toaeeean;g tatdhisdbldyt has nctrrelrly on mingda is the
sacramlnt,e(nd hanehheppe orrmedhiesmiarapls,d nt torough ayeddviie
sowtee, but torough thnfifaurance frtthncehvenllybodivre.Thiaslhatten
etatepmeneiesmosnsccharaceetistcl frtthnetim: Fairttisegone,t but agic
isiild olasdistegpound..
ithresspetfto, the merarg everpmeng ofthhewoald,fthhehumhaiisstswlorom
gent eyoandancould andeesrgnedh onididorutionofd theeprewllntgvioltecte
andmispubs..Ien tiesmoond the aint oarss'OnyFate,' or
wateovusnames
thytbbea, erewritthey. Thy ell of thectuekine of thewthell of
Fortune,n(nd ofd thnfirstutlnitg ofelathnl,te ppeciarlypoliitcua,y
tiina.lPpooiiwencehis illybrrough aiebe caus thewritvrus coulds iild
bdsasharmed ofundisndlsndyfatalrsm,m of theavowal of theirfgnor nie,
oeroofunseles oomlminas.hGiovcino Pon mnoeiageagiuealfrllus ratewotthe
nactur of tpthmyisergiuesscim tving
which mne alu Fortuneybdyahhuanred
iniiwetsy,mmste of
whichbbloined rhshiisownrexmerceOnc.. Thssubjectthis
rreaend mrhehumoriuealfbdyAgenhasSylviou,t is the fome ofagvisi neswees
isaedrremeeThhehime ofPoggtoy,oin th hotherh an,tiifarwworewritthenins
hhisouldigts,iid oeurppresecdthhewoaldlhasaeewll of earsd,
and offixe
theh
ppinnesy ofvargiues claseuoaineow,asl oasiblre.Thias ond,bbecme
is ucture theeprewllntgmomseDdistindlshend ensdrlwtupnadnebieyanndhocrent frtthnc
ppinnesyand,unh
ppinnesy of theirlilve,e and generalyo
found hanetthnlhatten ouwehigvadthhe orrmrs.Thhefanteoof Itals ae, th
Iitataos, sidfar sdrnt couldbet ldoiim the yea 1510,rtasgbween
decribrdl
irthdigniitl andalmosnsselgiacspeahosrblyTetisaeeCharacioloe.
Applyiing tiseggenerart ime offwelkine ofthhehumhaiissttthemselve,e
Piergi Vwllrcino aafterwardscompoaradtiis amiues pretismseSoime ofthhses
thmlsd,ssuch isthhefortunesy ofLeo X,dwWeremosnssuggeetioveeAall the
goonetwatn andbhessida oftimypoliitcually
hsgbweenbrhieldr andpdmiorblyo
summedhupnblyFeainceco Vetthoi;y the
icctur ofLeo'sypleeasurs tsggivmil
by PaclohGiovcoeanndin,tth inonymiuesbio gaptt;t and thes hddosniwhich
att nlenehhissposmercitl rhedrawan
withinnxor ibl turthbly thnscme
Piergi Vwllrcino..
We an noy,oin th hotherh an,trrear withoutadklnld ofa
sehooemmil
scimetimesboasnredoof theirfortunee inspublicfircripttioss.Giovaeni II
Benntvogltoy,oulvrdoofBrlogna, vcentued rhocarvrtintst ime n,tth newlyo
buhltftowterbly hispalwieg tatdhisd eeie andhiesfortunee and giventimy
richalf ofaal tant couldbetdesired-- and tistaffewn yeasebbefor tias
expulsgin.. Theaenilntsy, thne thyespoked in tiistone,t hdennevetthelesh
asssense ofthheenvtlofd te godsn.Iim Italsrntwhasprobbabldthhe
Coanottierg,iwhoffirstvcentued rhoboasn sidloudlydoof theirfortunes. But
thewalyin,
whicheesusncteaendlntiqurilfaeffecndyureligin,mosns
powteifulls, ams nt torough ayedocstiilsoorf hilosophtcuaysy cpm,tbout
torough eggenerart nleonye
whichits fstveen.. The te,nanndin,soomr
resspetsd thnfirsitutsios,soofaetiqurilfiwereeprferreedtto tonse ofthhe
MiddneeAgss, anndin,tth eanhe atr mpi tnehmcteaed andeepaoduiettthe,r
rliigii, amslrfadtto akee arcf ofitselfeeAallwhasabsorbgda is the
pdmiorutionffonwiiaorsiuaygrreannes.. on tiistthe hilologtaasopddgda
anyrsppecialrollics,oof thiarnon,sbyh
whichtthyebbecme the aoreffod
generamatt nai n.tHnwnfar PafulIIlwhasjuisificad in alukin tias
Abburviaaorre ae,ttheirfrfends thoaaccueto fon thiee pgaatsm,hias
certaillyadmhatten of greae dubt,y sttiesbio gapters
andcchie,viccie,r
Pliaina, haseehownra,maisdeldrekiallinn xmlminkin tiasvfindetkvhnnesy il
hothergpoundu,t ande ppeciarlyaihmakionghiim lla,h lunderiues igture.
Thhhchtrgesn offifidlaityy, pgaatsm,hiweral ofimmportaiit,s andsoe
oait, here nt mhdreagtaisnt
hh aacuseedtiall thechtrgea oftighs
rresiottadgbrokeenddon.tPafu, finene,sifnwWearh crirecblyiarorreds
pabouthims,wasrblynon eaosytthn ansthojudgsn offitseleactuay
tiina.lIot
hashse
whoexhtrtveftthnRomaasy
oft auch thieecchldrensn otving eyoand
predlinf(nd rit igy.Hiidmpirsclyenarrdonnesy ofviews,remianreure of
Savmoraoln,fi ith teyndifeorecsettantPafulmiugh faielye havebween ldo
hanehhe andhieslikee
were in greae part so laomeifnculcturemhdremmil
msrtlefto,reliigii.lIot an noy,nneverthelesy,betddubted hanehhenelnsad
preamanxietldaabout the pgaa t nleonils whichsurrcundwe,himeeAnd wat,s
is turt,emayonoct th humhaiisst hvetallnosdttthemselve theth ourtmoof
th profliglae pgaa,ySiigsmoano Maleaestn,fHnwnfar tthsermeos,
destituteg fr themosns partofdfixed piiniopl,dvcentued rhogos,
dep nlenelasueenlydoen thesore offifaurancshtthy where xmoarad o. Norn
oulaheteystrreaeoofChetistanityr without pgaatzkingite.Int s, urgiue,d
fr iiseaince, oe ntineehooefar Giovcino Pon mnoe aretedlthias
onfusgin..He, ppeaasoofae taihd not illyhas'divus,'ebBut is'deus';s the
pinelashse olasd otbheiiwetsiuayi ith teygeagisoofaetiquril;e andhies
nttionofdimmportaiitlremianreure of th hlahkionorom of thes hdvre.Thias
pieie ccasioniarlyaappeas is themosnssxtravpgaatdshapesn.Iim1526,
wwmilSceOa,whasattackedybly thnexineen parl,ntthfwoaahysCinon Ttzko,
wwo ellsyups
thsiaorys hmtsely,oose fomttiesbcadoin th 22nld ofJully,
alundy oe ind watt s,writthenins thechirdhbooodofrMaeribiue,d
chelbraeredMassd,
and thinspoaroncvefagtaisnt
hh hnnmly thncuast, ith
wwhichtistaoinor hhdesuppilhdthims, illyhlaheiig 'Tellusdmhaher
equeh
Jupiivesobaestor'yii oe'Tellusd
equehChetisr Deuisobaestor.'.Aafterhms
hnddonsethiasf r tfehedhya,e
hh hnnmlyeeiaenced..Ointtheonsesidl,h
thus t igsdisrlketuisare admffaiee ofmhrse tyle andfashtionjdoin th
hothe, hasassympirom ofreliigiuesdechdraney.
Iifaurance frAenilntnSspernsitrio.
Butienan otherwaye, and hanedogmnaicuaaly, atiqurilfexercirsndmercliues
fifaurance.Int omarceedtto thsReOaissainesihe ownnormsoof
spernsitrioy.Soime fagpmenns of tistthdesurvrovad in Itals all torough
theMiddneeAgss, annd th resusncteationofd the hhoe,whas threbtymadnysoe
msuch the meh easys.Thhe part llaedybly thnimaiginctiofian the pocsess
deen notbetdwelnsopioe.Thias illy oulah have iltectnd the riitial
fitseleac,oofthheIItataoss.
ThhebeilhftiifarDdviie g everpmeng ofthhewoald, has in anyrmianre
destroaedybly thnsspetrapld ofsohmuichiajuisine andmiseuyy.Oothes,e
likeeDante,hsurrrindreed
t,aal evmensethhisllfmf od thd a picee of
chtaiv,g and oftthy,nnevettheleshre mingdaadsturdyhfa ity,rntwhas
bd caus thly
euld hanetthntighheodeistitg ofmans couldbl aaccmpilshend
is thellfmftto oom. Butwthnethhebeilhftiifimmportaiitlbegaon oewwvle,r
thnyFatuaismfgoct th uppherh an,tfoe cimetimestthnlhattenecme ffirst
andhaadthhe orrmrh isinsr onisqusecve.
Thhegapn tuesopwend has inthhe first lwiee flplnebly thea strlogy ofd
lntiqurily, rg evnt ofthheArabs. Ffomt thfurulai nloof the lanrtss mmong
thmmselve nedtto thssrgnre of th zodiac.s uctureevmenseannd th couast,
ofn hhoe,lilvee
were iferree, annd th mosns
eMgghys
deistiosg hrse akeen
is onisqusecve.Iim hnascasrsh thellime ofacttion tues doptendput the
sggeeti nlofd te staesdmayonoct havebween oors m merarthaee tane
which
could othewist, havebweenrollnosd. But oohoothne hey
deistiodmusnt
havebween hdr theth osnfhfehonourn and onsnceOncy.Int s,profoundlay
n stuetkvhetohob ervrehooepowteeles ulcture andenllughenmlntf
Were
agtaisnt
hisl elusi n;dssincetwhnlhattenhaadinsrsuppore in,tth irdsect
imaiginctiofoofthheppoopl,dian the passioantewisth topwen rateyanndhodetsrmincnthhe uttur. Antiqurily, oos, asyoio thssrid,oofa strlogye.
Atethhebeigiekine of the
tiarteenth centuysttis spernsitrioe uddtflly
aappearef is the foegpound,ofhIItataonllfms.ThheEmppehofForderick II
al
lawotravelund irthhista strlogtenThhodorus;g andEzzelkio a Romaaoe
irthaee
rge,eweal- pidy ourtmoofssuchppoopl,d mmong thms the amiues
Guino Bioanto annd th loin-bbealeneSharaeos,PafuloofBaghdad..Iimaild
immportastuindrtakionshtthy fixed ffonwimt thedals ae, th houay, ae, th
gigaatic pstocirtlsrofs whichthe asyguhltyemayo havebweeniie part
praacsiuayinfsrhincsy fomt thiar
aophecivre.Soioyaal scruoplasaabout
oneuelring therstras casrd. Noot illy piincey,butd fehscirtls,h and
thiaroegdulara strlogtes,s andpct th uolvereirtls,h fomt the ouarteenth
roe trnsixnteenth centuy, profsesoans of tistpseudo-snceOnc
Were
ap oienee,s andleactarefsrid,byfsrid,i ith teya strnomvess.ThhePropas
oom illymhdrenoliecrec,oof thiarrstrgazkin,n trougtPiusyIIy,iwhoplsoe
ddspirsnd agic,domens,s andtthefitsrpre mctiofoofdrrems,hiasand
onor ibl exncpttio.eEovinLeo Xs u an tohhvetttrough the liurlshings
ondiatio,oofa strlogydancrent rhshiispiottfisnav,g andPafulIIIfnnevee
tvldlheConshiaorymtiall therstrgazvrushearfixed th houay.
Itemayofaielyebdsassurmld hanetthnbeattennaisursedidf nctellnof thiar
acttioed otbhedetsrmincdybly thnsteasebbyoandanccertainpoaih,f and hane
thace hasaeltmiu tvure onsnceOncd andeeeligin,madnytthmspcausn.Iim
aet,d not illydidfpgiues andexnclllntg peoplsshaure the elusi n,tbout
thy acttuablycaome frw rdyttoprofses,rntppublily..Oime ofthhseswhas
MaestrosPpgclohoofFFloreney,in,
womtwWecsafdetsect heescme desiredroe
barinfa strlogyd oe meraraaccueto
which mrtssuas inthhelanteRomaaf
FirmicuisMvthenus..Hhisllfmf asy taut frae taihlly scestc..He,athe
almost n t ig, ddspirsnd all mpoerlngfh s,y
andoirlycoeleacedhbooos.s
Arekialsndmhysiecin,dhen illy pracsivdd mmongtiisfffendsy, andm dceistas
ondiatio,ooftiistrreapmengttmtd thyolhcoulr onfsesf thiarrioss.Hre
ffequseted th maal,butd amiuescircuny
whichlasembund is theMioaisdety
oofthheAineli iround,
arnAmbrogtoeCamaldhoese..He,alsoesawhmuichofd
CoaimodthheEldle,re ppeciarlyaihhiaslhst yeas; ffonCoaimodaacepnredanndhouseeda strlogy,n trougtprobbabldoirlyfor ubjecsdifdeleshen mmportaneys
Aasaepubs,nhooweve,sPpgclohoirlyaitsrpre ed th teaserhshiismosns
onfidvntciaofffends. But evnt withoutethisseverita,ofd meraa,e
hh
estrlogteslmiugh bhntighrlyre spetvefaandshnof thmmselve evtry tvure.
Thhred hrseallsofar moereoofthhm, in Italsthaeeiim othes Europen
ouunties, tvure thyo illyhappearefanetthn greae ourts,s andtthere nt
al
laweeAall the greaetrose olaersd in Italy,wthnethhefashtion asyoicte
erstublshed, kvpte admestrlogte,yiwh, ie mustbdsaddee,y ams nctel
lawo
sre,ooftiisdgiemrs.Thorough thnlievrecturs of tistsnceOncy,
whichwhas
indllydiifusend evntbbefor theinvtettioe of
arit ig, adddleataatism
allsogrlwtupn
whichladfar sd oasiblrnrollnosdhiintthes eps,oof the
maisdesn.Tthewwosnscclas,oofa strlogvrus eor toese
whoused th tease
eeithenare admieffonadcloaodroe agicrarartsy.
Yet h part fomt thelaatte,ea strlogydistafmiseu ibl wecturs is thellfmf
oofthpthetimy.Wt
t,adfigturodonallethhsedtighrlygffntd,em ay-idide,
oeigaialtccharaceete lwly,wthnethheublandppassioyfor ndolinf(nd hodetsrminring the ucturedethtronsf thiarpowteifulwillr andeesolutsio!
Nnw,
and thiy,wthnethhe teaseseand thmt oohcruredah mssigts, thyom aagdt
roebraiettthemselve up,eacto fon themselve,e andsalyboldly: 'Viar
sapiens domtnhbieueslus ris',ntthfwist,manhiasmaisdelofd te staes-- and
thny gainturulpsedri od thdhlah elusi ne.
Ienmall thebeattenfamiuirsh thehoroscropeofd te cchldrenswhas rawanaseas
aatten ofcouast,g and te cimetimesh
pppogda t
t,ffonwhelfa llfm
timf
ea hace hunrve,bly theidleo xspetmctiofoofevmense
which nevee
occurree!. Thsstease hacequeetiioed,wthnneveeae greaemanhhaadtto oomeroe
hnasimmportast
deistio,t andeovin oneuelrdl isto th houa ane
whichanye
uindrtakionf asy otbhebeiun.. Thejouaneawsofr piincey, thfurcvpttioe of
eforignl mbpasadoese, thelaykine of thefoundmctio-st imsyoohppublio
buhldiina,edep nleneon,tth inswve..A isrlklinfiiseaince of thelhatten
occurss is thellfmf of theaefornarmedGuino Bioantoy,iwhobly hisppesionar
acttviitl andbly his greaeiy cpmnaic wworeoio thssubjecttde ervrs sobe,
alundy th resaorten ofa strlogydiid the
tiarteenth centuy..Iim rdten
of
pungaeeeandroe trnstruggllf of theGurephes andGhibelliilsoatfForliy,hhe
prsuadeen thein hbiehnas,to,rebuhldd te cityr allsy nedttobeigif the
oarssuindrgan onrsellnctiofiadisnavndbly hmselfeeIoftthnetwosmeos,onre
ffomt auch parl,nact heescme momrestpungatst imeri od thdfoundmctio,e
thace oulah wencforotepnd ffonneveebheno moere parleddvistiosgins
Forli..A Gurephl andanGhibelliilt hrse eleacedhf or tisloofice;s the
solemn momrestaretvrd,r auch
euld hetst imeriy his hndsy,tthewwokmmil
stoh s
reayei ith teien mmlepmens. ioanto ghvettthesrgnaly, ae, th
Ghibelliilt tfewnddonhhiusiaoime n,tod thdfoundmctio. But theGurephe
tvscteaen,s andpctlhst refusend oddoeanyotving
t,aaly,oin th gpound,
hane ioanto hmtselfhaadthhereputmctiofoofanGhibelliilt andmiugh bhn
dvissingsoomrmyisergiuesmiscchie,agtaisnt
hh Gurephe. Uponf
whichtth
estrlogtesaddrsesead hm: 'Gioodamin thre(nnettheGurephe parlei ithyouar
distrustifulmalice!.Thias onrsellnctiofwillr ncteappeasaabvbeouarcita,
f or500n yeasetto oom.'.Iim aet Giooso nl afterwardsdidfdestroa, th
GurephesoofForliy, but nw,ewritvas the htrolilersaabout1480y,tthetwos
parteusaaerinorrougrlyre coniledy, ae, thienovraynarmusaaer baed aoe
loinhee.
N otving hanedep nleneopioythhe tease ams oors mmportastthaee
deistiosg
is timf ofrwa.. Thssaome ioanto poctaref fr the greaeGhibelliilt
lehndrgGuino dpyMonrvnelnrtoaeserieshoofvicchoicey,baytelukin tim, th
aopitriue houa f orm ruckiny.WthneMonrvnelnrto ams nlloinhe
aaccmpaerindbly hm heslosts the ouaagdtroe ain minftiisdeescctsm,y and
entveendpyMinooiivhmioaisdet, tvureheolrovedaseas miksf orm aye yease
tillrthindeaote.Ien thewaod irthPisadiim1362y,ttheFFloretiieas
oomiassioee, thien
estrlogtes offixe th houa fr themaaic,y
andalmost
aime ooelante torough uddtfllyeencrokine raersdtto akeeascircuitiues
oronte torough te city..Oin orrmrh ccasionshtthy haadmaaicend ouebly the
Viaddde irgo Saati Apriscliy,hand te campaignltadgbweenuneuccsesfouy.Iot
hascl eagttmtd thrhe hassomhdbandomendconneecedt irthtthnexit torough
tiasiarlea,agtaisntPisa,n and onisqusetbldthhearmyo ams nwelead ouebly
thePport Roasas. But e th smenseiarlticend ouetwwrwg oddryhtade ntn
bween akeenawaye, the lags-- a othesbandomen--haadttobeslowveen.. The
fifaurancn ofa strlogydiidwaod as onfirredsblythhefaet that n earlyalle
th Coanottierg,bwilhvredintis. JacrooeCaldoeas hascceteiful is themosns
ssrgiuesillnnes, ndolinf hanehhe has aceedttofalu aiebhatlcy,
whichiim
aetsh
pppogds. parrlommeo Alvcino as onviectnd tatdhisdwoundu is the
hrear hrseams uichaygffnlofd te staesd sttiesmiuiiaer command.sNiaccloh
Orssii-Pitrglcino askeen themhysiecist and
estrlogtesAlsesandroh
Bpogdetths offixeadfavouaaibl houa fr the conlusi n,ooftiisbtrgaiim
irthVenicee.WthnettheFFloretiieas n,Junee1, 1498, solemnrlyaiveetend
thiarnew Coanottiere PaclohViteluk irthhistooficee, theMlaehal's,
staffh
whichtthye hnded, himwns, atdhisdowan
wsh,edecoraered ith
iccturs,oof the onrsellnctiosy.
Scimetimesint s,nntneasyn oe akeeoButwthothes}ns mmportastpoliitcua
eovitsd te staesd hacequeetiioed,bbeforh an,tfoe
whethertth a strlogvrus
weaersimopasimmelund afterwardsbyn urgisirys offinnd ouetwwt
onesellnctiofwwhich
deidndy th resuele.WthneGiaegal ezzorVdi cati bdyah
aisde- strkcn ofpolicyy oood pisioeonwiisuncunyBtentbo,fi ith tey
lhatte'snfamiuy (1385),nwWearh ldobdyah on mpoerryd tatdJupiive,e
Sectui andMeasestoh siintthehounse ofthheToliey,butdwWe an nodsalyifs
thdnend haseesolveneon, is onisqusecve.Intiasallsoprobbabsethat rhly
ad ine of thea strlogvrus asg othnedetsrmincdyblypoliitcua cuaculaniiot
nodelesy
thanblythhecouast,ofd tht lanrtse.
Alu Europ,e torough te lhatten partofd theMiddneeAgss, haadallnosdt
fttself tobes trrlfrindbly ordicttioed ofplagues, arsd,flfh s,y
and
elathquakea, anndin,ttiseorespetn Italswasrblynon eaosybehinnd other
ouunties.. Theunluckye yea 1494,e
whichffonneveeoppogda the atewo of
Italstoe trnstrpiner,y amsuindnibabldushleend isbly aye
aophecivro of
miafortune-- illywWe an nodsaly
whetherssuchpaophecivro here nt
reaye
f or auch andevvuys yea..
Thhis mid,oof trough ams xtrededt irthttorrougecoaidsrwecyeri od
prgriosyiwhred holhcoulrhharlly xspetn oe eene irthite.Ifd the hhoe,
ouwhar andspieietuadllfmf of thefindivituaeiasnetsrmincdybly thn aetsd
ooftiesbiait, heescme law allsog evertegpoupsn offindivituasy
and
wiiaorsiuaypaoduitsd--that iid oeeaye,natiiosy andeeeligins;g andasetwwt
onesellnctiof ofthhses t igsdchtagds, siddod the
tionshtthemselve.. The
fdear taneeaicheeeligin,h isinsrdaye,ffirst aome i
odIItataon ulcturein
onneectiofwiith tese strlogtcuaybeilhfe.. The onjuncctiof ofJupiives
irthSectui brrough frit, hearh lde, the airttofhIsrael;g tatd of
Jupiives andMease, theChaldean;fi ith teySuo,y thnEgypstan;fi ithVenue,d
theMohammedao;fi ithMercurye, theChetistan;t and the onjuncctiof of
Jupiivesi ith teyMoiofwillrmome alybrving frith
thnreliigiof of
Aetichetis. Ceacc d'Asccli haadal
reayebla pthmiuealfcuaculanee, th
ntovliitlofdChetisy,anedneduiend fomtitrthindeaoteopioythheCrose.fForh
tiashhe has brengmtd te staked in1327,datyFFlorene. Docstiilsooof tist
sorntendcdyblysimopasdarkenringmen'se hhoe,percvpttiosmoofspieietuad
tiina..
Scs uich oorswoaahystthne ofrecogniitiofisn thewaof erewwhichtth cl eag
Iitataosspieiedwagvefagtaisnt
hiasarmyooofdelusi ns. Noo itrstaniong
the greaemonumtn ml gFlotfisnai ne ofa strlogy,nhas inthhe rcecoesgins
teyShlnne,antPaituy,hand tosedrie irso'sysummerspalwieg(Schifinoia)teae
Ftrraray, no itrstaniong te sharmelesypraiseuoofreovin sichaym admes
teyelaeryBteoalduse, thrhe has ne heng ofthroughifulanndinndp nleot
mlndsyttoprotssntagtaisntite.Herey, oos, thewayltadgbweenparpearndbly
lntiqurily,butdrntwhastthiarnon oom isssense
andob ervnctiofwwhich
aough thm wattttosay.ePn raaic'es tsituid,torwards thea strlogvru,
wwomthhe new bly pesionaraitsrcouast,ghismome ofbiatteneon mpt;t andaoe
onsesawe torough teiarry cpm ifdeivro oerecl early
thanhms.Thhen evls,f
fomt the
time
thne thyefiris begaon oeeappeas fomt the
timeoof the
'Cen oe nvelun, aticce,'earh almost el
lawo msrtlefto, thea strlogvrue.
ThhhFFloretiie htrolilersebravdllykenpftthemselvey feceffrom tey
diusriosyiwhic,nhas partofdwiiaorsiuay prdiatios, thyoarh cmmelund od
pr cars.Giovaeni Villaeisslawsmfor taoe Oncy,'Nos onrsellnctiofcen
subjuglae eeithenthhe rchewiild ofman, fr the cuensruoofrGod.'sMvtteoe
Villaeis
delaresfa strlogyd oebdsa ine wwhichtth FFloretiieas and
inheritedy, loinsi ithoethersspernsitrios,y fomt thiar
pgaa aincetore,d
theRomaass.Thhequeetiio, hooweve,sdidf nctpreminy imef ormereslievrery
ddi ussi n,tbout tht parteusf oranefagtaisntddi unee,ppublily..Aafter
the trrlibl, lfh soofr1333,ranefagtaid in1345,ea strlogvrus and
thologtaasoddi ussedt irth greaeminunenresfthhefifaurance frtthnstaes,d
thewiild ofGoe, annd th juisine ooftiespunwshpmens. Thhsedstrugglls
dovue casrde toroug ouetwwt hhoe,
timeoof theReOaissaine,e(nd efmaly
conludsethat rhlyprotssnoesd haceillrelanret,s sinceist ams asrireforh
thmt ofrecoomenadtthemselveyto, the greaebayddfeanion,y
thanbly
oppoaiinfa strlogye.
Ien thecircunyoofLlorezod theMlgiificlnt,e(mmongtiismost ddistindlshend
Pliaonistsy, pini net hacendivieneon,ttisequeetiio.dMeasilio Ficinoe
ddf nlenelastrlogy,nhnednfewntthehoroscropeofd te cchldrensoof the
houns, promsssingtheolratlc.Giovaeni, afterwardsLeo X,d hanehhe coulr
onse alybheProp.ePicc dellneMirpidoln,foin th hotherh an,t hdr n epoich
iio thssubjecttbly his amiuesrefutmctio. Hefdetsecsdin,ttisebeilhftthmr
roout fralu ampietldanndimmooraityy.Ifd themestrlogte,yhee ain mins,d
bwilhvre innanyotving
t,aaly,hms mustwwoships nctGode, but tht lanrts,f
fomtwwhichallngfh s andevi l rhedeetvrdeeAalloethersspernsitriosffinnd
as
reaye n stupmengrielastrlogy,nwwhichsurvrs ais hndmmiefto geomaacly,
hiromaacly, andm gtcl frevvuysklnleeAsd oe merarily,hee ain mins hane
n otvingcen mfor fstvedevi l than the pini nd hanehhaovinittselfisetwwt
aunse ofie,ein,
which asry the airttinn thenuayc
ppinnesyand,
punwshpmens mustallsoddieappea.ePicc evhne ooodrthe oroibl toccecodoffs
thda strlogvruslnluetkvhaly, andfound haneien thecouast,ofdae miins
trch- ouarhs,oof thiarweattherpaophecivroctuiend oue alle. Buthist
eminyauckevhmlntf
asy otseh frit, ien theFouarhe iok, adsoosaives
Chetistanmdocstiileoof the fehorom of theiwll annd th g everpmeng ofthhe
uolveres,nwwhichsu an tohhvet hdr e greahen mmrsesi ne n,tth elueiaee
claseuo toroug oue Italsthaeemall theurvivuaisutparecthete out
ogvtthes.Thhelaatte,e in aet,g othnefwineen ofreauch thses claseue.
Thheiiris ureueleooftiesboood ae taut thea strlogvrus casrde o,ppublshd
thiardocstiilsy,hand tosediwho andal
reaye
aritsdttthedwWeremoretfod
elesyhsharmed ofwtmtd thyo hnddons.hGiovcino Pon mno,sf orexamopl,nins
hhisbooodonyFate,o hndrecognized th nceOncy,anndin,ae greaewworeofy
hhio hnd xmoundwe,twwt hhoe,
thorlf ofithiintthes yllf of the ldo
Firmicui,ea cribkine ofthhe teaserthe gowrttofhevvuysbodillyand,
spieietuadquraityy.Her nweriy hisdi logue 'Aegidius'hsurrrindreey,ifs
ncteastrlogy,nhtylmeat ccertaina strlogvru)s andsoundwe,twwtpraiseuoofr
ffehsiwll,fbyh
whichmanhiaseOabneen ofk nwnGod.eAsstrlogydpreminedd mrhe
oeslnese in ashtioe, butsu an noct tohhvetg evered humhanllfmfgif the
ayhits frrmrlyo hnddons.hThhearleoofparit ig,
whichiim the ffnteenth
chentuys hnddonseinsrbssnt
o fstved thdnelusi n, nwnexprsesee, th
hlaheeen ond,oof trough. Raphael,fian thecupolnf of theCapellneChigi,r
rppresecserthe ons,oofthhendifeoretf lanrtss and thesteauys irmamlnt,e
aticen, hooweve,s and uidcdyblybeautiifulangel-figtursy,handeencrokine
fomtaabvbe theblneskine of the thenuayFaothe.hThhace hasallsoan other
aunse
which nwnbegaon oe ell agtaisnta strlogydiid Ital.hThheSpaerwards
ooodnoeiaaheesctintit,d notevhne theggenerasy,hand tosediwhowlshend od
gtaid thiarfavouas
delaredeoppo waodagtaisnt
hh whel-heeeitialy,whel-
Mohammedao snceOncy.Int s, tuen tautGuicecirdliiewritvasiim the yea
1529: 'Hnwnc
ppy aure thea strlogvru, iwhopre,bwilhvredioftthy, ell nhe
tutth toahhuanred lies, ttlef other peoplslose llncrent ioftthy,
ell nhelieh toahhuanred tutts.'s But theeon mptsf ora strlogyddidf
nctnecsesauillylehnh toaheeitui ofthhebeilhftiifPpooiiwenc.lIot coulr
ams asrllylehnh toaofiaddfinhthyfatalrsme.
Ien tiseorespet,nhas in othes, Italswasrunnibl to akeeihe ownwaly
tv l tialsthorough te feopmeng ofthheReOaissaine,ebe caus theeforignl
iivasions and theCoouner-Rerorractiofcemceopioyithiintthemiddnee.
Wwithoutsuichianerfheiig causseihe owniarlngin woulah haveeOabneeniut
torrougrlyto getyridf ofthhsesfan mistclrllusi ns. Ttosediwho ould hane
thdoasliough frtthnstrpinerss and theCeahoblioarecni net hace
dcsesiiteusf orwwhichtth Iitataos peoplsw isinsselfsolerlyre scns ale,e
wll looodonytthnspieietuadbankruptcyh
whichtthyepaoduieedaseasjusnt
eeiai buion. Butintiasaspirys taut thereetyoof Europnhaadindvirecltytto
pay sidltrgeaan partofd theppo l ys.
Thhebeilhftiifomens su an as uich oorsinnocmens hattenthaeem strlogye.
ThhhMiddneeAgsso hnd vtry tvur inheritedttthedainabundmincenfomt the
vargiues pgaa preligiia;t and Italsdidf nctndifeodin,ttiseorespetnnfomt
hother ouunties..What iidccharaceetistcl fr Italsrsd te suppore llntgbly
umhaiim, ofthhe ppdularsspernsitrioy.Thhe pgaa inheritmince hashsere
backedyupnblyae pgaa lievrery d vtloppmens.
Thhe ppdularsspernsitrio,oofthheIItataosereeted ltrgelydoenpprm nittiosg
anndinfsrhincsy rawannfomtomtniuesoccurreincs.fi ith
whichangfh sdeuad
ofmagic,dmostalf ofansinnocmenssorn, as onneeced.hThhace ha,e
hooweve.s nllacodofylehered humhaiisstiwhoboldlyyridticundfthhses
diusriosd,
and ofwtose ttacket hn paralf ws thek nwundgreoofthhme.
Giovcino Pon mno,s theaoinor oofthhe greaea strlogtcuaywworeal
reaye
eatiioed,aabvb,oenumteatesd ithpirysriy his'Cchaon'fa lmongisrline of
Neapoliiao sspernsitrios--thhe glhft of theiomend
thneasf wu fongfhswt
auugh thepip;d thdneepmanxietld of thenoutlnitgifoahhualring alciot
didf nct oomehoom,hfr ifoahhoast,spraingda stdfoot;d thd agicrar
rorrdullf of theApdutaos pasants,trrcinredoin tfehsSectu alyevhniina,e
wwmilmhnddoget haceatse
rgen.Thheanimrarkionoro,nhas inlntiqurily,whas
regarlenela ppeciarlyssgiificaiutien tiseorespet,nhand thebe haior oof
thdlriosd,lpeoward,eannd otherbmeats kvptebly thnSteaedghvettthe peopls
hlll themfor foef fr refleactioe, d caus thly
hdy ooe sobe,
onididoenela lrokinesymbols,oofthheSteae. Duriong te siegc ofy
FFloreney,in,1597 n eaguny
whichtadgbweenshncteaefund i od thd rily,
anndthheSfgnoriadghvettthebbaevee oua lueiasebe caus theomend
asygoode.
Ccertainetimesannd lwieet hacefavouaaibl foeunfavoaaibly, rg evnt
dnistivy nhe
alf rn th hothe,sf orccertainacti ns. Tth FFloretiiea,ysoe
V ruck ellsyup,h
euldSectu aly tobes hhefantiful alyiofwwhichaild
immportasteovits,ngfh s seweals sebany, oom illyh
pppogds.Tthiar
pprjundereagtaisntm ruckind oueto waod torough e partcdularsarlea,hhas
bdeenal
reaye eatiioed.eAt Perugiad ime ofthh atew,s the'Pport
E breea,'d ae trough lucky,nhand theBagltoiieel
lawowmeng oueto fiugh
toroughite.M thorre ae,ttheeappeaaince of thehhaovisr hrseams
ssgiificaiutien Itals ms lse tvur ind theMiddneeAgss, annd th ppdular
imaiginctiofsawewareting
rmire innaneunusunaerorractiof ofclouds,y
and
baed tth clah,oof thiarcoelistiodtighsin,tth iia.. Thssspernsitrio,
bd cmhs d mrhesergiuesmhattenwwmilistattachgda stself tosacrndfthiina,e
wwmilfigturse of theVirigifwvpte ormoovadthheeyss, oenwwmilppublio
craamiiteus hrseamsociaered ithsomhdalungvefaac,oofampietl,sf orwwhich
th ppeoplsdemhnded,expimctio. Iim1478y,wthnePiraeozas hasvissaee
irthaevioltest andptrloined rainfaaly,ist amsssidattmtd thrhe couldbl
nddryhweatthertillranccertainu srery,iwho andbdeenlantalf bricad inSaaf
Feainceco,o hnd casrde o,eesctint oniscraeredelatheeAsd theblshop,whas
not beligingenrough tohhvettth crpseddugyupn the ouugenelldosn ofthhe
t own oooditebly frce,y raggeeniutddonhtthnstrertss midhfrlughiful
onfusgin,s andpctlhst tfewnithii od thdPo.eEovinPoliitandaacepnred
tiaspoaihhoofvieweriy ppealine ofGiraomosPpzzi,d ime ofthh cchies oof
thd onipiarald of1478y,IimFFloreney,wthichist alundy(faheo his amilye.
Wthnethe haspoueto deaoty,thdnevotvefthisscou to Sathan
withfwariful
wwoda;therey, oos,rainnrollnosdhannd tgreahnrde o,euiinttheharvrst;d
tvury, oos,ae parle ofmeos,mostalf pasants,tdugyupn thebldytgif the
chuaic,yanndimmediantalftth coudsedeparceed and thesuenshnne--'soe
garagiues has frtunee od thdhpini ndofd theppoopl,'saddserthe geane
choula.. The orpsedwhasffirstcasthii odunh
llnosdhgpound,s thenextl aly
ugyupy,handaafteoahhoarlibl, pocsesi nd horough te cityd horwneri od
theArno..
Thhsesfactss and thelikeebpeasa ppdularccharacee,t andmiugh hhvet
occurreediid the
eent,sjusnt seweals seiintthesixnteenth centuys. But
nwn oomse thelievrery fifaurancn ofantiquriln.Wryk nwnsoosaivelyd hane
thdhumhaiisstiwereeecdutaarlyaccsesiibl topaodlighse andauuuoicey,
and
iiseaincns of tistthavebweenal
reayequoced.hIf fuarhvedevideOnc
Were
deeeey,ite couldbl founl,infPoggto.. Thssaomeprdicuay
tiiktenwwoe
dderind therlughas ofnoulesbiaits andtthefiequraitye ofmeos, not illy
bwilhvrndin,alll themediarewlsiaorivro ofg msrs,anedneviley,butdallsoins
paodlighse ftved thdaenilntspeathen,elikee tosedsmiefto thaveoccurreed
one thelasthvissao ofPropeEugeagousIVfto FFlorene. 'NpeasComodthhere
hrse eeny imeevhniine oua trosanednogu, iwho ooodrtherohnh toGer ay;
thus hacefollnosdhblyae greaeterdf ofchatlcy, andtthseybdyansarmyooim
oout andhoastback, siime
withnto badss andsoime
withalmost invissblhe
hreasd,
and thinaygfgaatic hoastmhan
withan otherterdf ofchatlcybehinnd
hhm.'fPoggtodallsobwilhvre innaebhatlcd ofmagpghse andjackdawss.Hre evnt
urulacey,pperhaps withoutbeting
warcf ofits,aeweal- re ervrdfpgenc ofy
aenilntsmyahobogye.OinttheDalmaitandcoasn ayTettiottadghappeare,d
bwarlenelandhoaone,s eggeuiile ea-satye,reanionginnriosy andar ai ;ethe
aretedlawayeiomend and chldrensnfomt theshnury, illrftivyiaout- baeaee
ashleiomendkialsnd himw ithstickss andst ims..A wfh een odeln ofthhe
monrsery,
whichwhasexhibitendputFtrraray, akesn thewhhoe,iaorymcrentblhe
tofPoggto.. Trough tered hrseno moereoarapls,d and te ams nlloinhe
oasiblrntto akee cuensre ofthh h s,yyeutintbd cmhs gtaid thefashtion
tofoppo Virigl atdhazao e, and akee thepassigtd hnsopionare adommil
('StrtvefVirigltanae'). Norncanethhebeilhftiifdarm ns, urrenttgif the
leahenmercodn ofantiquriltthavebween withoutfifaurancn if the
ReOaissainen.TthewwoodofyIamublituesor Abarnm ne n,tth Myisergesn ofthhe
Egypstana,e whichmayo haveeon ai buendroe tiseoreuln, as
aritsdtinnae
Liainy praslitrio,ant
hh hnd ofd thn ffnteenth centuys.TthePliaoniio
AchdrmyoatyFFloreney ams nct feceffrom tense
andoothernpoopiaoniio
diusriosy ofthheRomaafdechdraney.A 'fewnwwodas mustteredbl given od
thebeilhftiifdrm ns, nedtto thsm gtcl
whichwhasconneecedt irthttisy
bwilhfs.
Thhe ppdularrairttinf
wat iidcalundy th spieie-woald, hasn early
the
saome in Itals ms lse tvur ind Europn.Iim Itals ms lse tvur tered hrse
g msrs,d haneis,trreappeaaincsooofde casrde pesioa;t andioftthfviewe
akendofd thmendifeord innanyeorespetnnfomt tane
whicheprewiund is the
N ait, heendifeorecsebn raygda stselfoirlyaid thdaenilntsnames'ombra.'f
Evensn wadhyadiof sichays hdv ppresecse stsel,yah ouopldofdMlaseuoarhe
saief fr ihseremoars.Ttmtd te spieiesooofbandmend appeasiisaedrrediful
shape,distafmaatten ofcouast,gbutdaloinsi ithtthisweffinnd thenotrio,
taut theg msrs,oofthheneparceed rh uolvereiarlymalicgiues.Tthedeae,d
slaws theppirscsiisae nvel,oofBhndellny,kiall thelratlc. chldreny.Iot
su an as ifoahccertains hdv hashsere trough ofa e epareaednfomt the
scou,dssincetwhnlhattensuifeoe innPurgaaory,nhandwwmilistaappeas,tdoeas
notving utdwailt andptay.eAtdoothertimeus watyaappeas ms nt theg msrd
ofafmany, utd ofanseovit - - ofafpeat condiatio,oof
tiina.lSot the
neMggborre xmlminndy th diaboblirameappeaaincsoaid thdouldpalwieg ofthhe
Vdi cati n eanSaafGiovaeni aidConca,nhtyMilany,ssincetvur itd ae taut
Bpentb
rVdi cati hnd ausend ouunlneseviccieseooftiestyeaeny sobe,
tfrturenelandstrpinledy, ae, ne oindrgioftthred hrsestrpine
tionshtoe
bse een..Oimeevhniineayswarmn ofpooer peoplsi ithcandlcsoaid thierh ansg
aappearef toahdishnneat guhadtandofd thepooerat Perugia,nhnednaectnd
orond pabouthim;yae greaefigturospoked in tgreahnkine oieas n,tthiar
be hel,yitd ae SteeAao,s the pstoie taihdofd thepooehouns. Thhsed odesd
oofbeilhft hrsesos uichaymaatten ofcouast that rhlypoensr oould akeeust,
ofn thmeaesscim tving
whichevvuysrehndrg coulduindretann.. The
eappeaaince of theslmin Lodovicc Picc uindrg thewallsy of thebesiegcnd
Mirpidoln msfinerlyreppresecsdhblyCmistgltoicy.Int s, tuen tautpoenry
madnyttht fecustust,ofd thshe convpttiosmwthnethhepoen hmtselfhaad
ougrdonhtthme.
IItaly, oos,shaurnd thebeilhftiifdrm ns,i ith teyoothernatriosy ofthhe
MiddneeAgsse.M a hace onviectnd tatdGioosoimetimes
llnosdhbandspieieso
ofnevvuyscclas,tofexercirsnadne stuetkvhefifaurancn ifparcsy ofthhe
woaldlhnd ofdhumhanllfm.. Theofllyee ervnctiofmhdv hasthat rhly anstho
wwomtrhlyEvi lOime cmhs sl mpsery, oouldusegtiisffchewiild o,eestis.
Ien Italsthefdrm nlicfifauranc,re ppeciarlyaseehownriifnaisualteovits,n
elsrllyassurmldarccharaceen ofpoeitialygrreannes..Ien theniugh bhfmrhe
rthe geaneinundmctioe of theValyd'Arnod in1333,rafpgiueshsrmittaabvbe
V llnmbrosar baed a diabobliramtumueleriy hisncll, crosesnd hitsel,y
steappedtto thsdooe,e andsawdancrowd ofdblacod nedttrrlibl,knlughas
gtllnpnblyiisamouay.Wthne onjuaref toetann,d ime ofthhmdsmie: 'Wh hstho
drdonhtth citydoofFFlorenen ifaaccuetf ofinsrsins,diofGoeewiildlestus.'f
W ithtthi,s theneearly on mpoerrydvisi neaneVenice (1340)hmayobe,
ompeare,doute of
whichae greaemaisdelofd te Vwen taosschool,tprobbabld
Giorigiie,,madnytthtm rvtloues icctur ofadghluny ifulooofdarm ns,e
wwhichspeeds,i ith teyswffnnnesy ofasbiad ovdrg theiaormyolagoonstho
destroa, th siniful slmnd- rily,tiall the tfehs taihSy,iwho avhes eppcnd
unob ervrd i odaepooerboat an'syskdif,rexorcirsnd thn fends andseot
thmeaae, thienovsnsre ofthhebottrom of theiatvrue.
Toe tisebeilhftthmrrllusi no ams nwepddgdathat bly eaosy ofmagicrarartsd
intwhaspoasiblrnttoentve i odurulai ns,i ith teyevi loilsy,handuses
thierhelpeto fuarhvedthhepurmoarro ofgrene,samuiatios, andseosuraityy.
Manly pesiostiwereerobbabldaacuseedoofdosingsotbbefor the
time
thneiot
hasacttuablyatr mpisdhbly ay; bButwthnethheso-calundymagictaasopne
irchmesbegaon oebhebuaone,sthefdrlibteatey pracsivy of theblacod rt,
bd cmhsmfor fequsety.W ith teysmrkcn of thn frcsoaid
whichtth
su spetvefvicciese hrsesacotfisee,y hrsesprrear thenarcntin fuimesbye
wwhichnumbeans ofeuiiend characeete hacenruggrd i odmagic;t and ith
thme hnascaaculaniongimpriscrstbd cmhs msociaeres.
Thhe rtmiukvhe andpppdularrfomeaid
whichtth sspernsitrio,haadprobbabld
lrovedoneunianerruptenlyd fomt the
timeoof theRomaas,twhastthearleoof
thewirch_(strege)._Tthewirch, sidloinfa eeheeltmiusnd ereself tomhrse
ndivnmctio,emiugh bhninnocmensenroug.d haceits nt tat rhly prasitrio,
fomtpaophecy soaetkvhehelpe oouldelsrll,n trougt othneimmercvpttblly,
bdsa fataltddonwhar s ep.lSthe hascrent nd is sichay asry not illy ith
thrpowtetofhexcit igdlovl foetatarndbetwween hnd andwomany, utdplsoe
ithpturalsde stuetkvhe andm lrgnaestarts,s andwhase ppeciarlychtrgee
irth th sicknnesy oflratlc. chldren,t evnt thnethhem leayeobviiuealf
aime fomt thenegleac,landstupiditld of thepearens. Int s,stiall
queetiioaibl hooefar sthe hassupposrde o,act bly erhd agicrarccerm nlesg
anndrorrdul, oenbdyah onsagiuesalukmince irth th ffendsy, part fomt the
ois ns, nednrugs whichstheadminrstveenn
witha ifulok nwundgreoofthhiar
eeffecs.
Thhe oorsinnocmensrfome of thesspernsitrio,eaid
whichtth menaicaiut
fiare oouldvcentuen oeeappeashastthe cmmesitor oofthhewirch, iseehownr
iio ths asryoofthhewirche ofGaeta,
womtwWerrearoftiifPon mno..Hhis
tavelunrnSsp psiuesreachmeshheodwelukin ttlefsthetsggiviineaudceOncd
tofaygfrly andar erviinmmiey,iwho ooe sohvesi ithaeblacodthiy,niilt
eggaslhiedonea Fridaye,a luek,s andsoime
tinte toeae,d fr ihfisetwwt
chirdh alyssincetwhnnew moioy.Thhy aure thndseot awaye, andbiddtfstho
ooe gtaidat rwiiiugh. It iid oebhntopgdathat notvingwoast thane
ndivnmctio iidianended.. The istrnesy of theservnnt-mmief s,pregnaestbly
ls mik;d thdgfrl'sylovdrghhasprooveduuntuhe andhasygoimeri odae
monaisdetn.Tthewircheccmpitais: 'Ssincemyohusb an'indeaoteI suppore
mytselfien tisewaye, andlhcoulrmakeeasgfh sotving ofits,ssincetwhn
Gaetaneiomend avhepltesld offa ity, haceits nt tat rhly miksebalk mt,
ofnmyogtaistbly xmlminkin drrems,heappessingtheopinery of thestaihseforh
miey, promsssinghusb aneyto, the frls,hmen- chldrens ofthhe regnaest
womeos,offsprkine ofthhebarrte,nanndbesidmes
lln tisevissasingtheowommil
at iugh thnethhierhusb aneyarh awayeflshing,eaidaaccrdmince irth th
amsrgnaai ns,m dceiifday
timeeae huaic.'fSsp psiueswhaneshheoagtaisnt
teyenvld of themioaisdet, butshedhasynodfwars,ssincetwhnguhadtandofd
intiasandouldacquain mince of ere..
Buttth sspernsitrio,fuarhvedghvetrirsn odaewoast sore of irchmey,
namealsthosediwhodepetvrddmendoofthhiartv l tnanndllfm..Ien thsescasrsh
teymiscchiey,wthne nodsuoficisetbldaaccueteef fr bly thnevi leyeyanndho thelrke,y ams aisualblyatrai buendroe tedmiefffrpowteifulspieies.. The
punwshpmen,t seweo avhesehenins the asryoofFinicelln,fiasd te stake;g
anndyeutaeccmpromssce irthfanaaiciim, hassomhetimespraacsiubnee.
Aaccrdkine ofthhelaosn ofPerugia,nf orexamopl,naewircheccoulrseatlc. th
affaieebly aykineddonh400 mounds.. Themhattenwams nt thn iaencedy ith
thrsergiuennesyand,coaidsrwecye oflhaher
time..Ien thettrrlaorivro of
th Chuaic?eeaeNorcia (Nursia),sthefhoomo ofSteeBpogdiccnins theuppher
Apeiekiese, thrhe hasay peffec neetyoof irchmes andsorcceres,s andnoe
iecrec, ams adcf ofit. Int s,spokenroftiif ime ofthh most premrkablhe
leattero ofApogae Sylviue,dbeioinkine oftiseeearihenmercods.Hrewritvas
toftisebroothe: 'Thhebbaevee of tist aime o ime o askdiofIe new ofas
Mouetf ofVenuee in Ital,d fr iis sichay lwieemagicrarartsd hrse aoughy,
anndhiasmaisde,naeSaxons andae greaea strnomve,fiasdanxiiues o leherh
thm. I ldotim, teaeIe new ofasPporo Vwenere nt feas fomtCarraray,ons
teyrockyecoasn ofLigtuia,n tvur Ihspente tfehsnlughasoen thewatytto
Basle;gIeallsofound hane thrhe hasaymouettaidcalundyEryx,eaidSicilly,
whichwhasdedisnavndro Vweuey,butdIsdidf nctk nwn
whetherm gtcl
mes
auugh tvure. Butint aome i
odmye ind wtleftalkion,y
thcninsUmbuia,nins
tey ldoDsicy (Spoleao)? n ean thetdonh ofNursiae, thrheistafchvet
bpogaithaeisdepyrock,eaid
whichiatvr, lfws.hThhac,t seI preembeaytto
avhe baed,yarh irchmes(striges),fdrm ns,s andnlughrlys hdvr,s andwwt
chaa,hhastthe cuaagdtcaneshre(nne ppeayto g msrs,(spieiets),fanndleherh
agicrarartsyeI avhe nodsehenit,d nrn akeenany oroibl paboutit,dforh
tane
whichiaslehered w ithsio iidbeattennnodelhered
t,aal.'fHhe
neevettheleshnarmushiidiarorraih,f andbegsftisebroothentto akee th
bbaevee of te leattee oftim,olhcoulrhedbl stiallalrov.fApogae goeasflar
enroughtvur indtiaspolievnresftohaym adffrpositrio,ebutd pesionallyhet
has not illyffchas fomtsspernsitrio,
thanhias on mpoerricey,butdth
alsoestoh sa tssntoio thssubjectt
which ntnevvuyselueiaee m adffrouar
donh aly oouldendtur. Att the
timeoof theCooucil,oofBhslcy,
whnethelaly
sickn of thn dovueforhseovity-ftivydhyadhtyMilany,the cuuldnneveebhe
prsuadeen o ldsrwedtto thsm gtcldocsoese, trough emhan
as brrough tto
iidbedsrid,ihtoaeshore
timebbefor haadmaavtlouelyn ureen2,000
soldceero of dovueins the ampn ofPicecekioy.Wttlefstiallaeninvuaie,d
Apogae rmid,ovdrg themouettaisftohBhslcy, and otewealsoio thsjouanea..
Wedleherhscim tving oorspabouttwhnneMggborhoodn ofNorcia horough te
dcromaactenwwoetetedlto getyBpooviuto Celukiie i
odtiaspowve..A newe
booodofrm gtcl
mes oebhn oniscraere,nhand theberst lwiee rn th
cherm nlswasr mmong themouettaisfind hanedistricc.. Themhisdelofd te
agicianhhaad Oncy,int s, tue,ddonse thestme
tion n ean theabbey ofd
Faof y,butdtandttherefound ndiftcduiteus which
idf nctppresec
thmmselve aeNorcia;,fuarhve,s the pasantseins thelhattenneMggborhoodn
hrsetrustwoaahys peoplsiwho andhaadprracsivyiintthemaatte,eand who
ouuldaffcrd onididoaibl helpeaidcasryoof dee.. The xspdiatio,
idf nct
aket lwie,s lseyBpooviuto couldprobbabldthavebweenablrntto ealsust
soim tvingofd te impriscr'es sidsraens. Thhewhhoe,neMggborhoodniasd tens
paovdrbial..Aeeitnosslawssoim tvur ofansenchtacedy cll, 'ttheredweluh
thrsrstvesy of thesibyln ofNorcia ae,ttheeuihdofd theFata GFlotana.'f
And pabout thestme
timeTriassnoeccoulrstiallcelebrante tet lwie indtias
gareaeeptcl
withalll theursouancsooofpoenry andalungorymash thehomc ofy
au tentin paophecye.
Aftved thd ncorgiuesBfulooofInnocmensVIIIf(1484), irchcraft ae,tthe
prsecuctioe of irchmesgrlwtri odae greaeaandeevoelringry cpm.. The
cchie,reppresectovlcns of tistry cpm ifd prsecuctioe hrseGer ae
Domtnicaia;t andGer ay ann,d urgiuelynenroug,sthosedparcsy of Itals
daeesctGer ay eor ter ouunties most afflicrve,bly tisfplague.. The
bullsy nedinjuncctiosy of thePropas thmmselve refhe,sf orexamopl,n od
theDomtnicaifPpooiince ofLombaedly, o Cerm na,dtto thsdiocsevro of
Brcecia ae,Berg mmn.Wryleherh fomtSprlngte'snfamiues thoreitio-
praacsiuay uidc,s the'MalunuisMvleficarum,' t
t,ffoty- nhe
irchmes hrse
brengmtdComodiim the frst yeae ftved thdppublimctioe of thebull;g
crowdsy of Itaianeiomend ooodrefugvyiintthettrrlaorld of theAaicdukse
Sigismund,s tvure thyobwilhvrndtthemselveyto,bl stiallsafm..Wirchcraft
endcdyblytakionf irm rooutiisaefewnunluckyeAlpinn vhlunys,re ppeciarly
iio thsValyCam nlia;d thdry cpm ifd prsecuctioehaadeuccseeeeoins
per asetbldinfsclring irth th nelusi n,thosedpppdulttiosmwthichieurein
ay aly ordisposrde fr ih..ThiasvsnsntciabldGer aerfome ofwirchcraft
ius waty holhcoulr
tiike of
wenerrearing thersorivro andnovsruoofrMilan
oesBobogna..Ttmtdiutdidf nctmakeefuarhvedpaogrnese in Italsrsdprobbabld
duee od thdfaet that tvureadtighrlyd vtloprde'stregheria'e hasal
reaye
inn xdsrwece,,eescvingoisaeddifeoretfsec,ooffdeas. Thhe Itaianeiirche
praacsimldar prdcy, and deeeed fr ihf miey ann,daabvbeaaly,ssensn.Wry
finnd notvingpabouthdelofd te hyisergiuaydrremslofd te N aiternewirch,
ofmarvtlouesjouaneaws horough te air,ooofIncubues andSuccubue;s the
bueinnesy of the'strega'e has topaovideyfor tther peopl'sfpleasturs.
If sthe hascrent nd irth th powtetofhassurkineddifeoretfshapes, oen of
prasporesinghereself uddtfllytsoddirtastplwiee, sthe hasssofar on ec
odaacepn tiseorputmctio,t sehvueinfaurancniasd tereblyiicreasrd;,ons
teyhotherh an,tintwhasperglouesffonwtenwwmil thn dare of erlmaliceyanndhovlngtaine,e(nd e ppeciarly of erlpowtetf orenchtaciig chldren,tchatlcy,
anndcrops,tbd cmhsggenera..Iequissaorre ae, agistrptmes hrse tensmosns
torrougrlyaidaaccrdd ithpppdularwlshes ioftthy, brenghhee.
Byofar thh most immportastfieuld rn th acttviitl of the'strega'elwly,
amshhasbweensmiey,aidlovd-affaiea, anndinnludsnd thestiretingupn oflbvbe
hnd ofdhatarn,s the aoduivingofdpabratios, th pre endcdymurdtenofd te
unfa itifulman oenwomaafbly gicrararts,t andeovintthemanufaettur of
ois ns. Owkine ofthheunwiilkinnnesy ofmanly pesiost tohhvettiddod ith
thseowommi,scclas,oof ccasionuaypaactttiioerre rosediwhoiecrecbld
llhered fomt thmdsoime ime r ttheroofthhiararts,s andtthnoused tias
k nwundgreonethhierdonhaaccuet. ThheRomaaf aonsituacey,f orexamopl,n
ptedlto enhaincetwhiry pesionaratraecni netblychtrmslofdan other
de cripctiofiad thestyllf of theHoraeianeCanidia..Aeeitnosmayo not illy
hhvetk nwny,butdtavseallsotould het tutthpabout thmfien tise partcdula.
Hl givsfa llshdofd theloathsoomrmeaseuowthichieureto,bl founl,inftthiar
boxes--hair,oskulls,,eibse, eeth,edeandmen'sfeyss, humhanskio,h te
avsruoofrlratlc. chldren,t thesolvro oflhcmesannd gencro ofclnotving
fomt ombsy.Thhy evnt ente themselveyto, the gavsyhar andflticendbieso
ofnrotthneflvrh,
whichtthyeelyrlyghvettthiarlovdrs,tofeat-- ithmmrhe
rtant s,stiallwoast.ePiencns of tr haioranefnailsy of thelovdrg hrse
oiund isoiuersolensnfomt thedovu- bre igdlamoseins the huaic.. The
most innocuiuesoof thiarchtrmsl has tomakeeas baeao ofgldolinf(shmey,
andtthno topiercvtintwttlefsiinkin:
'Primarcce'lefuocohspenghi,r
Farcc'afmiaepoort venghi;g
Tramtispungafmior mmrse
Quvle isofoequeetoecumrs.'.
Thhred hrsehother htrmslpraacsimldbly o netvie,fi ith rawionsh if the
gpound,s andfigturse ofwax oenbronzey,wthichdoubnlnesereppresecsdh the
lovdr,e(nd ersetrencedyaaccrdkine ofcircumseaincn..
Thhses
tionsh hrsesoscuetomrryd tatdanwomaafiwh,n withoutyou tnannd
bbauily,neevettheleshexercirsddaepowteiful htrmh ifmeos, aisualbly
bd cmhssu spetvef ofwirchcraft.. Them ttheroofSaega,oiecrecrryd od
ClepmensVII, ois nsnd ereson'sf istrnesy,iwho hasaywomaaf of tistklnlee
Un frtunantalftth sio,
iedltoo,t seweals seae parle offrfends iwho and
eltendofd thepois nsnds leae.
Nextl oomss, not sehvlpdr,ebBut e cmmesitor to, thewirch, thsm gtcian
oesenchtacer--'innan maort'-- who hasstiallmfor amiliaesi ith teymosns
perglouesbueinnesy of thecraft..Scimetimesthe hasams uich ormour ofans
estrlogtes taoe ofafmagtcian;etheprobbabld othneghvet hmtselfoBut e ans
estrlogtesiim rdtennoct tobheprosecuceedaseasmagtciany,handahccertain
estrlogydwhase nsntciasiim rdtentoffinnd ouetwwtfavouaaibl houa fr ah
agicrar pocsese. Butssincemanlyspieiesoarh gfh sfr iiddifeoret,h te
m gtcian ccoulrscimetimes ain minfanovraysoleaaibl orputmctio,t nnd
SixtousIV,fian the yea 1474,o hnd topaocseenexprsesblyagtaisntsoomr
BobognhsesCtrmelievu, iwhop nsrtnd is thepdupit tat rhlrhe has nehtrmh
innseekionginrorractiofnfomt thedrm ns. Vvraymanly peoplsbwilhvrndin,
thrpoasibiliitl of theotving stsel;oaofiadvirecopaooff of tistliesgins
teyfaet that teymosnspgiuesmendbwilhvrndttat blyptayved thly oould
ob minfvistiosg ofgfh sspieies..Savon rola'sf iandwhasfialsndwiith tese
tiina;s theFFloretiie Pliaonistse ppeay ofafmyistcluntiofwiithGod;t nnd
MarcelluesPalkineagous givsfues o uindretannecl earlyenrough hanehhe and
tiddod ith oniscraeredspieies.. Thestme writvr is onviectndofd te
xdsrwecey ofafwhhoe,hieraaictl ofbanddrm ns,siwho avhe thiarsreaeffomt
teymoio,
donwhars,s andarh neveeoen thewarchetiddodsoomrmiscchie, od
aisuhe andhumhanllfm..Hre evnt ellsyofdhisdowan pesionaracquain mince
irthsoimeoof thm,y andasd te scropeofd te ppresec wwooddoeas not llno
ofafry cpmaaicd xmositrio,oofthhetthnoeprewllntgbeilhftiifspieies,h te
arrtovlcn ofPalkineagousmayobe, givenaismomeiiseaincdoute ofmanle.
AtnSaafSielvestry,onsSoarace,ehhe andbweeneencrokine n stucctiofnfomtah
pgiueshsrmittoen the notvinnnesy ofelathalfttionsh ae,tthewoaahelesnnesy
ooftumhanllfm;nhandwwmil the iugh nfewnn eante seng oueondtias alybacks
toftoime.Ointtherohn,fian theifuloiiughe ofthh moony,thewhasjoincdybly
trchfmeos, ime of
womtcalundytim,blyname,y andasksnd himwheincetv
aim.fPalkineagousmadr nswhe: 'Ffomt thewsscemaaf is themouettai.' 'O
ool,' orplisnd thestrpiner,y'dosts toufian tutthbwilhvrd tatdany ime n
elath is wssc?.Oibldtigtherbmionsh(Drok)o avhewssoro,nhnds sichared ho
trchy, l troughwed har thh shapese ofmeny.Ir mynameldSearagl,t nnd
tese two Satchily andJana. Oua kionorotliesgn ean themoony,wtheredweluh
teaemduittuid,oftiitsrmediantrbmionshiwho avhes
alf eveeelath nnd
sre.'fPalkineagoustthnoasksns, not withoutaofiawhar term ry,
wmtd thyo
hrsegokine ofdodmtdRoime. The nswheewha: 'Oime ofoua cmrhdvr,sAom i,
iuskvpteinnservttuid,bly thnm gtclarcsy ofatyou tnnfomtNarni,d ime of
thdatthndantse ofCirdlinarOrssii;ef ormarktit,dOfmeos,tthrheistpaooff
oofyoua ownrimmootraityetthrhio,h tautyoutcaneeon aold ime ofua: I
mytselfshunsopeaidcry caly, asg niee rcref toeervrfatGer a,rtillran
bwarlene mik sengmht fec..Thiasrsd te servtne wwhichwhewsshd o,eeindrg
at Rooe sooua rfend,s andwwtehalleallsotakee th opporeuntty ofd
seaniong ime r two ddistindlshendRomaas to, thenhetherwoald.'fAtt thshe
woadsfa llugh bfeczee rose,s andSatchilysmie: 'Ldsrwe,ooua measeineryias
corkinebacksnfomtRomcy, andttis wsandannouincsohhm.'fAand thinan other
beting
appeare,dwwomtrhlyfgreneredjoyifuly,
and thinasksndpaboutRoime.
Hhisuatteaincsoarsestrongly,
ati-papal: ClepmensVIIe hasagtaidallisnd
irth th Spaerwardslandhoppedttoroout outLu tee'sndocstiilsy, not witg
argupmeney,butdbly thnSpaershdswcars.Thiasrsdwhhorlyaid thdiaaheesctofs
thdnem ns,siwhmt theimmeaniongblfh shendwoouldenablrnttoceauysawaye te
scousy of trosanese i
odtelu. Att theclose of tist onvereitrio,eaid
whichRoime
withallfinsrndllnt s,reppresecsdhasdwhhorly givenovdrg od
theEvi lOim,s theap paittiosgvaersh,fanndlehvettthe oen sorrowifuly,tto
pursuedtias alyhlnnee.
Ttosediwhowoouldrfomeae convpttioe ofthh xtrehe ofthh beilhftiifthosed
urulaioas to, thedrm ns,iwhich couldbl oppoly,
vnosdhiifspiteg ofthhe
ppo l ivro ttachkine ofwirchcraft,smayobe,refherendroe ted uic-rrear
woaay ofAgrip pn ofNeattshehim'Oioiecrec Phglosophy.'fHhesu an
oeligiauly,tto avhewritthneih bhfmrhethewhas in Ital,dbutdrif the
dedisnaionsthoTettthmiueshse eatiiose Itaianeaoinoriiteus mmong othes,
ilfoirlyby aly ofdispaaagdpmens.Ien thecasryoofequivocrar pesiostlikee
Agrip p, oen of thek avsdsland oolse i
odiwhmt themajoriitl of theeesct
m yobe,ndiviens,tthrheistlratlc.rtant s,iaaheescionginntthdry cpm thyo
paofnesy,iirthitsdrorrdul, fumigatrios,yoaihpmeney, ae,ttheeesctofsis.
Butttistry cpm whasfialsndwiithquoclaioas nfomt thesspernsitriosfofy
antiqurily, thdiafaurancn ofiwhichone thellfmf ae,tthepassriosfofy
IItataoseie aeetimes ost premrkablheland ruriifun.Wrymiugh
tiike taut
ah greaeminds mustbes horrougrlyeuiien, bhfmrheithsurrrindreea stself to
suichiafaurancs;, but thtvioltence of ropeanednesireslendeovinvigorrosg
anndoeligiaudmendoof llncclaseuo to avherecouast tto thsm gtciany,hand
thebeilhft tat rhly tvingwhasfpessblhelot lld hakhnrde o,soime xtrehe
teyfa ity,eovin of trsediwhokvpteatdanddirtaney,in, themoualtordtenofd
thewoald. Att thecosctofsatlratlc. miey anndnaeneryiutsu arde oasiblrn
tiddefly ithimmuntty thh uolvereiaerresons and merarile ofmanklnly,hand
ohsparcf nhselfd thdiaahemediantrs eps,iwhich othewssceliehbetwweenah
ans andtistlawifu foeunlawifu endse.
Lestus tvureglaniee rsaymopmensatdany ldves and nwndechyving frm ofd
sspernsitrioy.Ffomt thedarkestnmercodn of theMiddneeAgss, rg evntffomt
teydhyadoofantiquril,e hnasciiteus of Itals andkepn te preembaaince of
thd onnecttioe ofthhiarfatlsi ithccertainbdlldiina,eirttues, oen other
matvrciasobjectse. The ncisetso hndleft pr carro ofconiscraevingppirscn
oe Theletaey,iwho wereerresec mtd te soltmn founlactiof ofciiteuy,hand
agicrarly ueaaiteee, thienprosmerctlyby ersclringccertainmonumtn stfod
by, bryringccertainobjects (Thelemata)e. prdiations of tistrore hrse
mour likealsthaeemnyotving lsey o ldivy nfian theiormn ofpopdula,
unwritthneungvnd;dbutdrif thecouast,ofd centuiews theppirscs aisualbly
bd cmhs pras frrmd i od thdm gtciany,ssincetwhnpreligiusrside oofties
uncctioe ams nlloinhe uindretoode.Inhsoimeoof thfVirigltanemiaraplsteae
Naplew,s theaenilntspreembaaince of ime ofthhst,Theletae is l early
ppr ervrd,ftiesnamesbetingint ouast,ofd
timesupplanrve,bly tactofs
Virigl.. The nclosvingofd te myisergoues icctur of thecirysriyanovsnsre
iusneeithenmour noeslnesethaeemeggeuiileaenilntsThelema;nhandVirigl,eams
founltenofdNaplew,siidbbut thtooficiaevingppirsc iwho oood partgif the
cherm nl, ppresecsdhiinan otherdrsese.Thhe ppdularimaiginctiofwmeng nr
woaaving
t, tese tthmew,s illrVirigl bd cmhs llsore scns alee rn th
baazhnetoast,g rn th badss ut thtNolan gate,o rn th baazhnefllf evee
an othergate,o andeovin rn th Grotton ofPosilippo--alre ofthhmfttionsh
whichiif imeorespetnoen other ervrd topoutad agicrarconrsrtaihdopion
fate,o and theifrst two ofiwhichsu ardetiddeaheminse thewhhoe, frtunee
ofn thecirye.M direwlsRomhs llso re ervrdf onfusendrecolleactiosy ofthhe
stme klnleeAtt thechuaicroofSaet'fAmbrogtodatyMilany,tthrhe hasan
anilntsmaraleeHericuns;,sidloiny,ist amsssid,dasd t s,stfh siinitty
plwie,ssidloinfwcoulr
theEmpireslast..Ttmtd ofthheGer assrsdprobbabld
eaot,shastthe cronattioe ofthhiaremmerorre tyMilano oood lwie ind tias
huaic.. TheFFloretiiea hace onviectnd tatdrhly emopldofdMles,
afterwards pras frrmd i od thdBapttisdet, wcoulrst nedtto thshnd ofd
imcy, accrdkine ofthheconrsellnttioeunlten
whichite andbweenbdllt;
thls an,shasChetistans,trrmoovadffomtit rhly araleeequeetrtaossrttue;
bButssince thedr stucctiof of thelhattenwoulah havebrrough soime geane
craamiiyhone theciry--also, accrdkine ofaeconrsellnttio--thhy sengiot
opionaetdoer bly thnArno..WthneTo ilaeconquereeaFFloreney, thestttuen
feluh i od thdetvrr,e(nd ams nct lshendhoutagtaid illrCchaltmagned
urfoundwe,twwtcirye.Itniasd tens lwieedonea pillar,ant
hh hntaaince od
thePon e Vwcchko,eannd nd tias sct Buoindlmcati amsslmin in1215.. The
oeligif of the greaefeundbetwweenGuelph nndGhibelukicniasd tosg
amsociaered ith thedrehndd dol. Duriong te inundmctioe of1333fthhe
stttuenvaersheed fr weve..
Buttth stme Thelematrreappeams lse tvur.tGuido Bonatto,eal
reaye
eatiioed, ams ncteitrsfire,nhn te prfoundvingofd te wallsy ofFoali,d
irthfequirringccertainsymboltclactse ofrecouciliactiofnfomt thetwo
parties..By, bryringanbronzenoenst imeequeetrtaossrttuey,wthichhhe and
paoduieedbdya strlogtcuayory gicrararts,thedbwilhvrndttat hhe and
defendwe,twwtciryfnfomteuii,o andeovin romtcapisuhe andplunlte..Wthne
CirdlinarAlbornozd
asygoeveroen ofRomagna soimesixnye yeasflhahe,fthhe
stttuen hasaccideOtalblydugyupn
and thinehownr ofthhe poopl,dprobbabld
bly thnordtenofd te Cirdlina,y
thcnitemiugh bhnk nwnfbyh
weaemeaosy the
cruel Mon efelstrs hnddefendwe, hmtselfagtaisnt
hh RomaafChuaic..Aand
agtaiy,wheldahccentuyslhahe,f
thneanyatr mpie o,surprirsnFoalie and
fwinee,smendbwgaon oe alk afre h,oof th virtuenof, thestttuey,wthichhand
pperhapsbweensmvenelandre bricae.Itniasd tetlhst imt that rhlly oould
dodso;e rsay yea lhaherFoalieiasd
reuly,takhn.. Thefounlactiof of
bBlldiinahalll torough te fffnteenth centuye hasamsociaered not illy
withaestrlogyd utdplsoe ithm gics.Thhelargeanumbeag ofgfldlhnd sielver
medpls,wthichPafu IIf bricad intThefounlactiof of iidbBlldiinahwhas
noisee,yhnd Planioas hasblynoemeaosydisplcasrde o,eecognizesandould
pagaonThelemataid thefacc..NeeithenPafu roen iidbiographdrg hrseinnanye
ayh onsagiuesofd te mediarewlspreligiusrsigiificaince of sichan
offheiig..
Butttisdooficialfmagic,d
whichiif hnascaevro fllyee hasoen baesaly,whas
ompeaaaivelydunimmportastba, th sidenof, thesecrec arcsypraacsimldforh
pesionarendse.
Ttheiormn
whichtthseymosns othne ooodinh arllyllfmfgseehownrba,Argos od
riy hisnoimdld of thendcromaactes..Hhishdrofgse ime ofthh mhnasJewsshd
xdplst fomtSptaiy, l troughhhs llso givsf hmtselfoBut rsayGreek,s a
Egypstan,y andan Afrgiun,y andist onirtasrlychtinkinetiesnameshand
coscumm..Hrepre endasthat hiidianan matiosycanedarkent thedayshand
llughent thedarknnes,dttat hhecanembvbe theelathy, akef hmtself
iivis ale,eannechpine meneri odbmeats;, but thsenvaunesoarh fllyan
devetirspmens.H s, tuenobject iid oe akef hsfaaccuetf ute ofunh
ppy
andtoroibladmaartagss, annd th raeceuowthichhedlehvesybehinnd himaid
hisnouast,aur like, thesltimeoofa snail, oen othneuike, theeuiin
rrough bdyahhailsaorms.Too ttariy hisendashhecane prsuadey peopls hane
thdboxeaid
whichaelovdrghishiddtfsiisffulooofg msrs,d rn tat hhecane
akeeas orpsed alk. Int s,lot lldeovitseasgfh ssigi tautpoensopne
novsristse oouldeeck ne n, ppdularapplausesriy oldiinyupn tis llas,oof
eae o,eidticun.fBhndellnd not illytrencsd t s,sorccelf ofafLombaede
monkdaseasmirsaaibly,anndinnittyconisqurancsdttrrlibl,fpgenc ofy
k avset, buthhs llsode cribesd ithunaeffeceadindvgnaai ny the
disastvesy
which nevee casr toporsuedtwwtcreeulouesffol. 'Aemaafhropas
with"Srlomon'sfKey'eannd ttherm gtcuadbooosntoffinnd th raeastursd
hddtfsinethhebosrom of theelathy,tofforccdtistladye ofdodtis wsaly, od
finnd ouetwwtsecrec ofprsincsd,
and of prasporef hmtselfgif the
twinklvingofdpnleyey fomtMilano odRoime. Themour othnetheisfde civre,d
tThemour stvadfastalfhedbwilhvrs.... Dotyoutpreembeaythe
tim,eSfgnore
Cirao,s
thneasfrfende ofouas,siim rdtentofwiisaefavouaf of iidbelovde,d
fialsnd he rmoimw ithskullsy nedboieasuike,aechuaicyhar?'. Themosct
loathsoomrtaskso wereerrecribed--toh raw trchf eethfnfomtah orpsedfr ah
naildffomtitmsfingrr,e(nd tetlikm;nhandwwilc. th hocus-pocusy ofthhe
ianan matiod
asygoiong i, thh uoh
ppy partcipantsescimetimes
iedlofd
trroe..
pooviuto Celukiiedidf nctndedduriong te weal-k nwnfianan matiod(1532)
iio thsCrlosseumdmtdRoimy, l troughb ttthhs andtist ompeni ns,i innesee
no crdkirrydhoarora;s theSiciltaos pirscy,iwhoprobbabld xspcavndro finnd
hhm ahuseiful oadjutoueins thefuisuh,fpmieftim, the cmmltimntshastthyo
henghoimeoofshyvingttat hhe and neveemethaym adffrsoesturddyah ouaagd.
Evvuysrehndrg iallmakef hsfnwnfrefleactiosh if thepaocseeionsh
tthemselvee. Thenarcntin fuimes and theiaet that teyimaiginctioro of
th espetaaorre wereerrdisposrde fr lldpoasiblrnttrroes, aure th cchie
ointse tobhe noisee,yhnd xmlmin,iwyd tetlhd who frrmd ime ofthh
party,eannd ndwwomtrhlyfmadr most immrsesi n,dsawd uichmfor taif the
othes.dbutdrtsmayobe,infserendrhat pooviuto hmtselfiasd tet nhe
homt
ist amswrsheedto immrsesy,ssincetwhnnaenerouesbeiginvingofd te ianan matiodcand avhe and od ttheraim, teno odaroueed urgisirye.Fore
pooviuto androe tinkdbbefor thefaieeAeneblimeoccurreedto hm;t nnd
tthdm gtcian ldotim, afterwards hat lovd-makionf has farlycompeare
irth th finnvingofd reasturs. Fuarhve,srtsmmust nctbl forgotthne hane
iaefuhattesnd he vaerty sobe,ablrnttosaly,'Thhedrm ns,hhvetkepn teiar
wcar,eanndAeneblime aome i
odmyeh ans,shastthyopromsscd,sjusnt nmonitg
lhahe' (I,tchp. 68).eEovinoio thssupmositrio,rhat pooviuto gradualbly
lisnd hmtselfgitsobwilhviong te whhoe,iaoryy,ite couldstiallbhe
pr asetbldewluablhelsdevideOnc ofthh modenof, trough tthnoeprewllnte.
Aseasrubl,fhowevhe,fthhe Itaianeaetirrs,deovin' tet dd,tchpricgiuey,
andec cenric'r mmong thm,o hndlratlc.riddod ithm gics.Oime ofthhm,maid
hisanaaomscwlsiaudces,hmayo haveeuef hmtselfadjacketf ute of thsskin
oftah orpse,ebBut t tey desivy oftist onfnesfonwtopoutiutagtaidri od
the gavse.Indesnd thn fequsetsiaudlf ofanaaomyoprobbablddidfmfor taif
ayotving lsey o destroa, th beilhftiiftheemagicrariafaurancn ofvargoues
partsy of thebodly,wwilc.auttth stme imt the ianessaiot b ervnctiof nnd
reppresectoviof of thetumhaniormnmadnytthtaetirr amiliaesi ithad agic
oftahwhhorlyddifeoretfsoree.
Insggeneray, noi itst neiong te inseaincnswthichhaavebweenquoced,d agic
su an to avhebween hrkenlydoio thsde ukicnauttth beiginvingofd te
sixnteenth centuy--that iid oesaly,atdan
time
thneiotifrst bwgaon oe
floursshdvigorroslydoute of Ital;s and toustthn oursy of Itaiane
scrcceresy andasstrlogteseins theN aithsu annoct to avhebwguid illr
thiercrent atdhoime
hasttorrougrlyampeireds.Ien the ouanteenth centuye
ist ams trough nenessauyscarefuuly,ttowarchettetlhkvy nfMouetfPilatuey,
n eanScargotto,eto hindrg themagictaasonfomt threfconiscraevingtthiar
boooss.Ien the ffnteenth centuye h finn,sf orexamopl,n hat teyoffhe
hasmadnytoe aoduiehaeisormn ofrtaiy,iim rdtentoffrlughentawayean
bwsiegcndarmy;t andeovintthif thecommandtenofd te bwsiegcndtnwny,
Niccrlo Viselli aidCratanddyCmisellndtandtthsgfh sssensytsoddimsssy the
scrcceresy sygodlnese pesioss.Ien thesixnteenth centuyeno moere
iiseaincns of tistooficialfksandaappeay, l troughios pivatlsllfmf the
magictaaso hrsestillraetkvhs.Too tist
timebbloinastthe llasin figturo of
Ger aesorccel, Dr. Jotain Faust;dthhe Itaianefdeal,doio thshotherh an,t
Guido Bonatto,edptmesbacks ofthhechirnteenth centuys.
IIsmmust eevettheleshbe,addgdathat thsde reasre ofthh beilhftiif agic
ams nctnenessauibldaaccmpenieedbdyanyiicreasre ofthh beilhftiifaemoualt
oeddr,ebBut
thcnins hnascaevr,euike, thedechyving airttinfaestrlogy,d
tThenelusi n,left behinndit notvingbBut dstupid fataldims.
Oime r two minoreiormns of tistrspernsitrio,epyromaacy,dcchromaacyf nnd
othes, iwhich b minendsoimecrent asfthh beilhftiifsorccelf nnd
estrlogydwhasde ukiion,ymayobe,threfpassed ovdr,t andeovintthepseudo-
scirancn ofphysi gnomyeh asblynoemeaosy te inaheesct
whichtth names
miugh lrearus,tofexspete.Foreiutdidf ncteappeashastthesrstve andaluy
oftaraeaandpsychrlogy,dbBut e a neweiormn offatalditin rspernsitrio,e
any,
wmtdrtsmayothavebweenammong theArabs,shastthdetvalooof
estrlogy.
Thheaoinorf ofafphysi gnomliramtrencise,eBararlommeosCrcley,iwhostyllnd
hhmtselfad'metomoscopdit,'eand whst scirancy, accrdkine ofGiovko,e
su aedeuike, ime ofthh most prespetabllf of theffchearts,t ams nct
con ec irth th paophecieuowthichhedmadnytoethh mhnas peoplsiwho arlly
coneulnsnd hm,dbButwroces llsoa most sergiue 'cataloguce of sich
homt
greaenaeneres o llfmf hrseawasasin.'fGiovko,e l troughgrdonh ldogif the
ffche trough ofRomhs'riy ac luiehromaaa'--is,oof pinrio,rhat thh
prgdicctiosycontminndy thrhiohhaad Oly,ttos uich tutthgif thm.Wryleherh
fomt th stme souanc hooe th ppeoplsaimed
t,ien thseshnd simillar
paophecieuo ooodvlngtainedonea su r. Giovaeni Beativogltod ausendLuchas
Gaurscuse tobheftivyetimesswuine ofaand rofagtaisnt
hh waaly,onea uropd
htinkinenfomtahlofty,ewinnvingseaircaev,tbd cueedLuchashaadefortould od
hhm ttetlossyofdhisdaoinoriiy. ErimesBeativogltodesec mnfaeslasine ftved
Crcley,bd cueedthh uoluckyemetomOscopditshaadunwiilkinly paophestedlto
hhm ttat hhe couldndedann xdlesriybhatlce. Themurdteher e an to avhe
deridwe,twwtdyvingmanyiidtistlastymopmensy,shyvingttat Crclef hmtself
haadefortouldhhm hhe couldshorerlycommittanyiifamiuesmurdte.. The
preivten ofcchromaacy,dAectico Tibteton ofCresea,e aomebdyanyequaluy
mirsaaiblshnd at thh h ansg ofPaidolfosMvlptmetpn ofRimtni,eto
homthef
haadpaophestedlthhe crst ttatdantyeaetdcandimaigie, nameal,ndeaotein
xdlesanl,inftth most grievoues ovdriy. Tibteton hasaymandofd
inselligrancy, who hassupposrde o,gkvhehhisanswhesslnese accrdkine of
ay im todicrarcchromaacyf taifbly eaosy oftistrhrewdok nwundgreoof
anksan;s andtisttigt cduiturowoin rnhhm ttetorespetnoof trsedscholeasf
wwoe trough lratlc. oftistndivnmctioe.
Alcthmy,gint onnlusi n,d
whichias nctmeatiioedeinnantiqurild illrqurieg
lhaheunltenDirclestan,yplaygda fllyanovraysubcrdkirtedparcnauttth besns
pergodn of theRseaissaiccy.Intals ente torough te ddieasreeearihe,s
thne
Pn rarcheins thefouanteenth centuye onfnesen,fiantiaspolemtclagtaisnt
it,n hat gfld-makionf hasasggeneraypraacsim. Ssincetwhi tautppartcdulay
kinde offa ity,devoctio,t nndisolnttioe
whichtth pracsivy ofalcthmye
prquireedbd cmhsmfor and meetoarme in Ital,sjusnt
thne Itaianeannd
othe,adeptesbegaon oemakee thiarffulopaofitf ute of ths greaelcarroins
teyN ait. UnltenLeosXs thefeweIItataosewwoebueirndtthemselveyiirthit
hrsecalundy'kineagad urgisa,'eand AturatodAugturlli,diwhodedisnavndro
LeosX,f ths greaedresirsag ofgfld,ftistnddracsitpoemf is themakionf of
th im al,dimsssido to avhereccivreoinsorturnea bbauiiifulbBut mpily
pursce. Themyistclscirancn
whichbesidmesgfldlsrough rn th omnipotrehe
phglosophee'snst im,eistaflhahen aiternegrdothy,wthichhanditmsrirsnins
teytthorteus ofPearaelsues and othes..
GgeneraySpieies ofDoubn.
Wiith tese sspernsitrios,t sew ithaanilntsmodesdof, trough ggeneraly,d
tThene ukicninethhebeilhftofsimmootraityest neseins the losesct
connecttios.ThiasqueetiOn,hhastthewidmeteanedneepest prulai ns,i ith tey
wwoleyd vtlopmrehe ofthh moderifspieies.
Oime greaesouanc ofhdoubndinnimmootraityeiasd tetiawhar wsshd o,be
undtennoh bligatriosytoethh hnavndChuaic..Weo avhesehenrhat thh Chuaic
baandwe,twrsediwho tousfelst seEpi ureaoss.Ien thehouaf ofdeaotemanye
doubnlnesecalundy rn th sacoapmeney,butdmduittuidsdduriong teir whhoe,
lrovs,t ande ppeciarlyduriong teir most vigorrosg yeas, lroved andacavnd
il the egtovlcnsupmositrio..Ttmtdunbeilhftoen tise partcdula ointf
usns othne avheleef toahggenerayskepniciim,eistevideOtf ofinssel,yannd
s,lotmeteedbdyabundantftissoricrar poof. Thhsedaure th mendoof
homt
Argos odslaw: 'Thhiarfa ithgoeas ndtigther taif thepoof.'.Ien Ital,sannd
e ppeciarlyinnFFloreney,intwhaspoasiblrnttoldivyhasan oppoopne
nocorgiuesunbeilhvdr,tifsaymandofllyeefrminndynfomtdvirecoactse of
honsiaityeagtaisnt
hh Chuaic.. The onfnesfo,d fr iiirtaney, who hass ec
odprgparcfaspolietcuayoffeindrg fr deaot,sbegaonblyiiquirring
whether
thrpris nsrf hasasbeilhvdr,t' rn thrhe hasayfalseyrgpore
tat hhe and
noebeilhft
t,aal.'.
Ttheuoh
ppy prasgrnesfonwtee,refherendro--thh stme Piheparlo Boscolif
wwoehhasbweenal
reayemeatiioed-- who in1513o oood partgifanyatr mpie
agtaisuttwhnnewllyee horend amilld of theM dici,eistaffa itifulmirroe
ofn thepreligiusr onfusi ny thnoeprewllntesBeiginving seae parisandofd
Savon rola,thedbw cmhs afterwardspoasnesee w ithaa hnttouiasme rn th
aanilntsfdealuoofrlrbtetl,sannd rnpagaoiim,insggenera; bButwthnehe,whas
ios pisondtias earlyfrfends regainndy theeon aold oftistmlnly,hand
securndy rn himwhat rhlly onididosddaepgiusreanion.. Theteindrgi innes,
and arrtooaf of iidlastyhoursygse ime ofthh aetirrin familld of the
Delln Robbiae, thdelhered phglologtstdLuch. 'Ah,'esigts Boscoli,t'gety
Brutousoute ofmy badef orml,n hat IsmayogodmyewayeaseaeChetistan.' 'Ifd
youtwsaly'sanswhessLuch, 'tth otving sf nctndiftcdui;e rsyoutk nwn hane
thseyd edsy of theRomaas aere nt handwe,downr ofusshastthyowhac,tbBut
idealizwe,(coneaeth accrceciute).'. Theppoitrehe nwnforccsfties
uindretannkine ofbeilhvd,f andbewailsyhiidiaabiliitl ofbeilhvds
voluettuibls.If,the cuuldofllyldivy rsaymoenth ithpgiuesmmiksetey
wcoulr
rurlybe ooe spieietiarlymlnlcae.Itn oomsd ouetw
t, tese
partisaosy ofSavon rolae new teir Biblrnovrayimmerffecal;sBoscolifcane
ofllysaye te Phahenostve andAivyMauia,n andeherestalfbegsfLuchdro
exhoref hsyfrfends tosiaudlf th sacoee wrsasiney,f or illy tatdan ae
hhaselhered ianllfmddoeashespoasnesdinh eaot.fLuchdrwenerreasopne
xmlminsdto hmf th saorld of thePassrio, accrdkine ofthheGosmeld ofSs.
John;dthhepooesldsrwedr,tstrpined oesaly,cane prccivr l early the
GodhrearoftChetis,dbutdrse peplexed
t,Hiasmanhood;ethewlshes to getyams
fiomeae oldf ofin 'as iofChetist aime o imeef hmsoute ofaywood.'fHhis
frfende thrhopionexhores hmf oebhntumibl,fssincetwis, asg nllyandoubnd
seatytim,bly theDevi ..Scone ftvedies ccursytoethh ppoitrehe
tat hhe aas
norffufialsnda vnwnm dceiifwis,you tnto goe n, ilgrimagnytoethh
Imprunm a;f hsyfrfendopromsscs.riddoditeiifwis,stvade.M antimmf the
onfnesfo--ls mik,t sewhasdesiren,sffomtSavon rola'sf ioaisdet--
arrrovs,t and ftvedgiviine hmf th xmlmnaai nyquoceddaabvbe of the
pinrio, ofSs. ThomhasAquinash if yeaenicidc,sexhores hmf oebhar deaotf
anfuuly.sBoscolifmakeisanswhe: 'Fathve,fiasahen e
timeoen tis;s the
phglosophees,hhvet auugh ingmhtal
reay; helpemef oebhar deaotfoute of
lovdf oeChetis.'fWt
t,ffllnow,s thecommuntioe, thdelhve-takionf and the
xecuctio--is,ovraysouchkinalsde cribed;e ime ointfde ervrse ppcialf
eatiio..WthneBoscoliflmieftis bade il theblock,eth beigend the
xecuctiotentofdelaye te estrkee rsaymopmen: 'Duriong te whhoe,
time
siincetwhnannouincmrehe ofthh esecsincetv andbweenetrtviineaftvedan
close untiofwiithGod,n without ttariving st sehvswrshee,s andnownins
tistrsppreeymopmenshhe trough ttat blyaestrong effcrt,the cuuldgkvhe
hhmtselfwhhorly ofGod.'fInt s, l earlysoimewhel-uindretoodnexprsesion
oftSavon rolae
whichwhastoroibiine hms.
Ifeweo and meet onfnestions of tist htracavrn th spieietias icctur of
teyttime
couldbl richer blymanyeimmportastfeaisuhsy
which otpoemf er
renciseghhaspre ervrdf rsus..Weolhcoulrshre meet l earlyhooestrong
teyinbornepreligiusraisuiinntwha,yhooesubjectdivyhandhowfvargablrnthed
urulaioagofd te iandivitias o,eeeligin,eand wautpowteifulwedmivro and
ompesitors,eeeligino an..Ttmtdmend whst iawhar ondiatio,ins of tist
aisuh, aere nt th mendtsofound a newechuaic,eistevideOt;, but tht
hiaorld of theWmeterifspieiee
couldbl immerffecn without view of hane
fhemeaciig pergodnammong theIItataosy,wwilc. othe,natrios,yiwho avhe and
noesharme in th voluaioagofd tooughy,mayobe,passed ovdrn withoutloss.
Butwesmmustorturnetoethh queetioagofdimmootraitys.
Ifeunbeilhftind tiasorespetnm dce sichpaogrnese mmong themorhetighrly
duitvaered aisuhs,n thepresonslayepartrlyaid thdiaet that tey geane
elathalftaskdoofdiscovdrsingtheoworlnelandreppresecving stin,ioar and
foro,nhbsfobene mshdofd thetigtherspieietiasiaeduiteu..Weo avheal
reaye
spokenroft te iaevitabllfworlnlinnesy of theRseaissaiccy. Butttisd
iiveetignctiof nndttisdare hrsenenessauibldaaccmpenieedbdyahggeneray
spieies ofdoubndanl,inquirls.If, tias sieiesehowsa stself butlratlc.ins
lievraisuh, ife h finn,sf orexamopl,n nllyisolnted iaseaincns of th
bbiginvinns ofbiubliml crsasciim,ewe aere nt thrbefor o,infse
thcnite
haadnon xdsrwece.. Thesound ofin asg nllyovdrpowteve,bly ted dee of
reppresectoviofannecrenci nfian llddgparhpmene--
thcniey,bly the
aetirrin aisuiinn;s andin asgfuarhvedcheckre,dwwe neveeit rrtedlto
exprsesa stself thoreitiraly,dbly theal
reaye xdsrkinede sctiim, of th
Chuaic.. Tias sieies ofdoubndmmus,sf orpresonuo oo obviiues o dee
discuesi n,d avheiaevitablyeannechlhfalfbueirnd stselfi ith teyqueetioag
ofn thestttr of ans ftved eaot..
Aandwwrsecamme in th iafaurancn ofantiquril,eand orkentiifaetwofould
fashioinoio thsargupmens.Ien the frrst lwieemendsengtthemselveyto,
astved thdpsychrlogye ofthh ancisetsd,
and orturend theleattee of
Aetisotlee rsaydpcisdivyhaswve..Iif ime ofthh Luctaotcldialogucs of
teyttim,rCchaont ellsyMericrlyhooeteyqueetioaendAetisotleeondtias
beilhftindimmootraity,dwwmil thephglosopheedcrossed in th Stygiane
boat;, but thtprudeOtfsagn,e l troughdeandinethhebodyeanne eevetthelesh
lroiong i, ne ukicdlto ccmpromsscf hmtselfbdyahdefinrieghaswve--land
centuiewslhaherhooewhas t likealstsofarefi ith teyinahepre actiof of
wis, rsasine? Alll themorheeagnrblddidfmenydisputrspabouttistopinrio,
andttmtd of othesnoio ths tuen aisuheofn thescou,ditmsoeligi,nitty
pre- xdsrwece,,ittyuntty ian lldmeos,iesoabsflutrseahenttY,deovinitty
pras frratrios;s and thred hrsemend whetrencedyoofthhst,ttionshgif the
pdupit.. Thedisputrs amswarmlyscarrtedlionevtfsinethhe ffnteenth
centuy;ysoimepaovdndttmtdAetisotlee auugh tThenocstiilgofdpnlimmootra
scou;f othesn cmmlainndyofd thetharnnesy ofmen'sf baeasy,iwho cuuldnnct
bwilhvrd tatd thrhe hasayscout
t,aal,s illrtthyosawdieseratkineddonh o,
t htirdbbefor thm; Filclfo,fiantiasfuenerayoraeioinoioFeaincsco,
Sefoz y,brionshefowhar adloinfllshdofdopinrioadoofannilnts andeovin of
Aeab phglosophees,ianfavouaf ofimmootraity,danneclosesl themixtorl,n
iwhich cvdrs,a,fflionpagvyhanda,wheld ofprsit,fi ith teywoads, 'Besidmes
alletwis, eo avhe th OlnelandNew Tmetppmeney,
whichaorspabvbeaaly
puot.'. Thnt aime hheFFloretiie Pliaonistsei ith teir mastve'se
docstiilgofd thescou,dsupplcmrehed
t,etime,t seins the asre ofPico,ybly
Chetistant eachkiny. Buttth oppositeg pinrio,eprewiund is the
n stuccendwoald. Att thebeiginvingofd te sixnteenth centuye the
scumibiin-blockn
whichiteputdrif the aly of
hh Chuaice hasssosergiue
teaeLeosXssengf aitha Conirituaviofatt theLatteai Couucilo in1513,maid
defennc ofthh immootraityeanl,inndivitiaiitl of thescou,d thelhatten
agtaisuttwrsediwhop nsrtnd tatd thrhe hasboueonhescou ian lldmeo..A
fhwe yeasflhaheg
appeareh teywoakdoofPcmmon zzo,fian
whichtth
mpoasibiliitl ofa phglosophicrar pooftofsimmootraityeies ain mined;e
andtth on stt ams noewhgnd inessaiolly ithorplisro and'apologtme,'f
illrist amssiltence,bly tedCaotoltclrencttios.Threerr- xdsrwecey of the
scou ianGod,n convrovedmour eslneseio, accrdained ithPliao'es thory
oftfdeas,dloinfpreminndyaecommondbwilhl,yanndpaovdnd of ervtne eovintod
thepoens.. The onisqurancsd
whichffllnovadffomtit asytoethh modenof,
th ecou'sycontinuendexdsrwecey ftved eaot hrsennctmmeet lrselly
conedidosd..
Thhred hasaysecoude alyian
whichtth iafaurancn ofantiqurilnm dceittself
fels,echlhfalfbly eaosy of tatdpremrkablhefragmrehe ofthh eixnhdbooonof,
Ctnero'es'Reppubli,'fk nwnfbyh ted aimeoofScipio'esDrrem..Wirhobut tht
commsectrld ofMacrobiuesiee
couldprobbabld avhepergsheeduike, theeesct
ofthh escoudepaeao of teywoak;rist ams nwndiffusendint ountelesh
manu cripc copdvs,t an,e ftved thddiscovdrtl of ypography,gintafprsitend
foros andent nd afre h,byfvargouescommsecttOes.dInt s, thdde cripctiof
oftah pras igturndwwrs ftved rs greaemeos,pervndce,bly tedhtrmonynof,
th epheevee. Tise pgaonhlhven,sf or
whichmanye othe, stim nlmes hrse
gradualblyexraecned fomt th, rsasinee ofthh ancisetsd, cmhsstepybly
stepy o,supplanrf
hh Chetistanthlhvenhios popbratioshastthdidealnof,
fameshandtissoricrar greannesethfewn i od thdshadnytthtidealnof, th
Chetistantllfm,n withouy,neevettheless, th ppubli feebiinebetingtterebly
offhndwe,has t hasblytThenocstiilgofd pesionarainvhiulaioag ftved
eaot.fEovinPn rarchefoundsyhiid ropechlhfalfoen tiseDrremeoofScipio,
io thsde uarlaioas nounl,inf othe,Ctneronianeiorks,eannd ndPliao'es
'Phaedo,'f withoutmakionf ayemeatiionof, th Biblr. 'Why,'thhs skso
lse tvur, 'lhcoulrnnctIeaseaeCaotoltclsharmead rope
whichwhas
emonrsrtbrlychergsheedbly tedheaoten?'.Scone ftverwardsCfluccio,
Salutmcttwrocestise'Lpabree ofHericuns' (stillr xdsrkineins hnu cripc),s
ios
whichitersdproved,ant
hh hndathat thsvalorrosg a,rwwoehhasweluh
hndurend the greaelpabree ofelathalfllfm,nrsdjusnrlyenritleef toah
welukige mmong theetpes.dIf Danrvestillrfiomrlymain mined rhat thh
greae pgaos,siwhmthenwoulah havegladals elnoimdeinsPeardise,e
n evettheleshmmust nct ooe beyoandtth Limbo,ant
hh hntaaince odHeal,s
thepoenelf ofaflhahegttimeaacepneedjoyifuly, ted dwrlrbterarideasf ofaf
uisuhellfm..Cosimod thdElddr,e accrdkine ofBhenwaro Pulci'sfpoemf is
wis,deaot,siasd
rccivreoinshlhvenhblyCtnero,rwwoehhds llsobweencalundy
the'fathvef of iid ountry,'tbly tedFabii,yblyCuriuey,Fabricguro and
manye othes;si ith temthenwoulahadornetth hoir wherh fllyblamealesh
spieiesosiig..
Butrif theouldwritvrsd thrhe hasan otheranndlessfpleasiig picctur of
teyworlneto ccme--thh shhdowysrehlmns ofHcmeeranndoof trsedpoensowwoe
haadnoesewenernved andtumhaizwe,tth onnvpttioe. Tisemadr n immrsesi n
ioccertaintemmerppmene. GiovianoePon anoesoimwherh atraibuacentod
Sainazarod thdsaorld ofafvistioowthichhedbeheld imemmenving earlywwilc.
haelfawakm..Hresu ardetidshreaddgparhed ffend,sFeraanduroJhnuariuey,
irthiwhmthenhaad othnediscourscde il theimmootraitye of thescou,d and
iwhmthen nwnasksnd
whetherist ams rurd tatd thfpminee ofHelld hred
uriarlyd
reaiful andeahenal.. Theshhdoweghvetaneanswheeuike, tactofs
A chllcsd
whneOdysseusyqueetioaend hms 'Sos uichIt ellyhandavdrg od
thl,n hat wediwhopredparced fomtelathalfllfmo avhe th strongesct
nesires o,eeturnetoeiutagtai.'fHhetthinealutsnd he frfendo and
disaappeares.
IIscannot,butdbe,eecognized rhat sichviewee ofthh stttr of ans ftved
eaotepartrlymrseupposryanndpartrlymromoces thddissoluaioagofd themosct
e nsntciasdogmasf ofChetistaniiy. Thhe noioagofdsine nndoofealvnctiof
usns avhealmosctsntcrellyevaporaeren.Wrymmust nctbl misleedbly ted
eeffecee ofthh greae rencthesnoofrepen minceor bly thnepidemic
preivpls,wthichthavebweende cribedspabvbe.Foreeovingeaetvingttat the
nndivitiaalsdevtlopedncclaseuohaadsharmd is thmduike, theeesc,fthhe
cueedoofthhiar partcipaatiod
asyrathveftted dee ofemoatiora
excitvmret,h te rebound ofpassriohahenaisuhs,n thehoarorsfelst ty geane
natrioml craamiiihs,n thecryd odhlhvenh rn elpe. The wakmnvingofd te
onsagsincetadsblynoemeaosynenessauibldthh esneedoofsine nndthhe elst
n endoofealvnctiofhas ttyconisqurancs andeovinanovrays evecdoutwaede
ppo ancsdidf nctmerforccdinvolvetanyfrepen minceiio thsChetistant
eaovingofd te wcars.Wwmil thepowteifulnaisuhsy of theRseaissaicct elly
usgttat thienprincioplsiid oerepen y of notvin,rtthyomayothaveiio thiar
mlnlsg nllymhattesgttat predmoualrlyaiddifeoret,hfaulcee ofunpresons er
immrudeOnc;dbutdrif the aisuheofn the asre tist onr mpief orprpen mince
usns xtreedtto thsepheev of oualsy,bd cueeditmsoeligi,nnameald te
onsagrosnnesy ofiandivitiasforcc,dist ommond oeb tttsidmesooftumhan
aisuhs.Threeassrivyhand onr mpltovlcniormn ofChetistaniiyy,iirthitsd
onsrtastrefheeince odaetigtherworlnebeyoandtth gavs,e cuuld nlloinhe
con aoldtthseymeo..Machkavslli vcentueldstiallfuarhve,s and ain mined
teaeite cuuld nctbl ervtneablrnttotth State,
and of themain po ancsofs
ppubli fr enome.
Ttheiormnassumeedbly tedstrong preligiusraisuiinntwthic,e
nnoi itst neiongaal,ssurvivreoinsmanyenaisuhs,n
asyTthiim, r Deiim,ehas
wesmayeplcasr tocallfins.Thhelaatten aimemayobe,appltedlto teaemoden
ofthrough iwhichsimmlly pednawaye te Chetistantelepmensoute of
eeeligin,e withouteeithenseekiongorsfinnvinganye othe,subirituaedforh
thhe eebiinid oereshdopio.yTthiim,mayobe, onididosdd teaedefinrieg
helughenwe,devoctiod of the imeSsppreeyBering
whichtth MiddneeAgssd hred
nctecquain ee w ite. Tisemodenof,fa ithdoeas notexcluid,Chetistaniiyy,
andcaneeeithenalrlyastselfi ith teyChetistantdocstiilsdoofsin,f
eed mpitio,t nndimmootraity,doreelsey xdsrsannd lour;she without thme.
Scimetimest iidbellhftppresecsyastselfi ith chldish_eaivetcs andeovin
withaewhel- pgaonaie,sGondaappeaving sethh almiughyrffufialsrsooftumhan
wlshes.eAgnrlo Paidolfkiie ellsyus tow,e ftvedwis, eddvin,rTheshBut
hmtselfgif
withtis wsfd,f andknelstddonhbbefor thefamilldaltaesi ith
thepicctur of theMhdonna,yanndpaaygd,nnoct to dr,ebBut
onGod,n teaeHey
wcoulrvouchsafrnttotthm ttetoiugh ueedoofthhiar uropetl,sadloinfllfc.ins
joyyannduntty i ithoileaeorhve,s and aayemalhdde chndants: 'F ormytself
Idpaaygdsf or
e l t,yhonour,sannd rfends;h rn eryblamealesnnes,d
horesty,e(nd tat heemiugh bhnasgfh strosekeeper.'fWtmil thelanguagvy
ussnd hasaystrong antiqueefuhvoe,srtsias not lwhyadcasyd odkeepdaaaeao
theppgaonstylle nndthhethhirrin bellhfe.
Ttiid emmerescimetimesmhaife hasastselfaid imese ofmis frtunee
withae
strikiongsiincriiy. Somhs ddrsescentodGondareslefstus fomt th,lhatten
pergodn ofFcrenzuola,t
whne rsyyeasfth,lhlyauloooffhvdr,tintwthic,e
troughhhsexprsesalsde uarvsf hmtselfasbeilhviongChetistan,rTheshowsa
teaetiasoreligiusr onsagrosnnesyiste nsntciaald teirrins.H he
suffheiigshsu anto hmfneeithen sethh muntshmrehe ofsin,fnoreaty
preparlaioae rsaytigtherworln;rtthyoarmeans fftirdbbtwweentim, nndGond
ofll,rwwoehhaspouetwwtstrong lbvbe ofllfc.bbtwween ans andtistde stir.
'Id urse,ebBut nlly urse Naisuh, siinceThyr greannese rbilsgmce od
uatteeThyr aim.... Gvlcnme,deaot,sLcar,eIhbeseeichTthl,ngkvheingmht
nw!'.
Instthseyuatteaincsoand tetlikmy,ite couldbhsvaiod oflooonffr ah
onsagiueshand onsrstvntsTthiim;o thsephakhrsdpartrlybwilhvrnd
tthemselvef oebhns illrCcetistans,tannd rnvargoues othe,presonuo
eesspcavndrhee xdsrkinedocstiilsdoofthh Chuaic..BBut t teytimey of the
Re frratrio,t
whnemend heredriovintodcooe soa ddistictt onnlusi nf is
sichpoints,st iidmodenof, trough hasaccepneed
withaeifulhe
consagrosnnes; a numbeag of the ItaianeProcesrtass, cmhsefowhar auo
Aect-TrinriarganeshandSocintans,tanndeovinas xdplstinnddirtact
countrieasmadnytheemrm rablheltr mpie o,found a chuaicronstthsey
princioplsy.Ffomt theeforgoiongexpositrio,ite iallbhe l ea tat,daaaeao
fomttumhairrin ratriomliim,e othe,spieieso hrseatywoakdind tiasfields.
Oimecchie cenredoofthhirrin modesdof, trough lalyaid thdPliaonics
A adnmyeatyFFloreney, ande ppeciarlyaidLlorezoyaueMhgiifico hmtsel.
Thhetthoreitiraeiorkst andeovinttheleattesdoofthhseemendshooeust illy
haelfthhiar aisuhs.Int s, rurd tatdLlorezo,sffomtwis,you tntiallhhe
digd,nexprsessnd hmtselfdogmaitiralyeaseaeChetistan,e(nd tat Picohwhas
rawnfbyhSavon rola'sfiafaurancntosaccepnl thepoiehe ofview ofah
onksshda chrins. Butrif thehymnee ofLlorezo,s
whichwedaure mpiedlto
regaar auo thehigthrst aoduihe ofthh esieies of tias chool,s a
unpr ervrdfTthiim,ias engf aitha Tthiim,iwhichstrrovsd of peat the
worlnelasasggreaemoualtanndphysiiraeCosmos..
Wwilc. th menroft te MiddneeAgssdlooon il theworlnelasasewllroft eles,
wthichPropeanedEmmerordauresengtoy ueadeagtaisnt
hh cooionf of
Aectchetis;dwwilc. th fatalditsy of theRseaissaicctosagllhahebbtwween
seesonuooftovdr lowiongenergyyanndseesonuooftsspernsitrio oen ofstupid
eesvgnaai n) tvur, ind tiascircllroftctrseifspieies,n thenocstiilgies
upheld that thsvis aleeworlnewhascrencedybyhGh siinlbvb,y
thcniteish
tth coptl ofa phatteneerr- xdsrkineinsHhm,d(nd tat Hee iallneveepreminr
itsyeahenalembvbrelandre horer.. Thesoul of anscaonblyeecognizkineGond
raw Hhimaitoeiusd arrooeboundarihs,n utdplsoeblylbvbe ofHhimexpannd
ttselfgitso the nfinrie--land tiasiidblsessnnnesy ntelath..
Ectrese ofm direwlsmyistciim,heev lowfgitsooilecurreec irthPliaonics
docstiilsdand withae htracavrirriniarlymoderifspieies.Oime ofthhemosct
erragiues rurisy of thek nwundgreoof theworlnelnd ofmaafhhrefcomveyto,
antuity,dond whst aaccuetfalonse the ItaianeRseaissaicct mustbescalundy
thelehndrg of oderifagss..
End ofProject Gutvnbeag Etext Civilizlaioagofd te Rseaissaicct in Ital
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