The Grammar of English Grammars
by
Gould Brown
Part 45 out of 54
languages which admit but two genders, all nouns are either masculine or
feminine, even though they designate beings _that_ are neither male _nor_
female."--_Id._ "It is called _Verb_ or _Word_ by way of eminence, because
it is the most essential word in a sentence, _and one_ without which the
other parts of speech _cannot_ form _any_ complete sense."--_Gould cor._
"The sentence will consist of two members, _and these will_ commonly _be_
separated from _each_ other by a comma."--_Jamieson cor._ "Loud and soft in
speaking _are_ like the _forte_ and _piano_ in music; _they_ only _refer_
to the different degrees of force used in the same key: whereas high and
low imply a change of key."--_Sheridan cor._ "They are chiefly three: the
acquisition of knowledge; the assisting _of_ the memory to treasure up this
knowledge; _and_ the communicating _of_ it to others."--_Id._
"_This_ kind of knaves I know, _who_ in this plainness
Harbour more craft, and _hide_ corrupter ends,
Than twenty silly ducking observants."--_Shak. cor._
LESSON XVII.--MANY ERRORS.
"A man will be forgiven, even _for_ great errors, _committed_ in a foreign
language; but, in _the use he makes of_ his own, even the least slips are
justly _pointed out_ and ridiculed."--_Amer. Chesterfield cor._ "LET
expresses _not only_ permission, but _entreaty, exhortation, and
command_."--_Lowth cor._; also _Murray, et al._ "That death which is our
leaving _of_ this world, is nothing else _than the putting-off of_ these
bodies."--_Sherlock cor._ "They differ from the saints recorded _in either_
the Old _or the_ New _Testament_."--_Newton cor._ "The nature of relation,
_therefore_, consists in the referring or comparing _of_ two things to
_each_ other; from which comparison, one or both _come_ to be
denominated."--_Locke cor._ "It is not credible, that there _is_ any one
who will say, that _through_ the whole course of _his life he_ has kept
_himself entirely_ undefiled, _without_ the least spot or stain of
sin."--_Witsius cor._ "If _to act_ conformably to the will of our
Creator,--if _to promote_ the welfare of mankind around us,--if _to secure_
our own happiness, _is an object_ of the highest moment; then are we loudly
called upon to cultivate and extend the great interests of religion and
virtue." Or: "If, to act conformably to the will of our Creator, to promote
the welfare of mankind around us, _and_ to secure our own happiness, _are
objects_ of the highest moment; then," &c.--_Murray et al. cor._ "The verb
being in the plural number, it is supposed, that _the officer and his guard
are joint agents. But this_ is not the case: the only nominative to the
verb is '_officer_.' In the expression, '_with his guard_,' the _noun
'guard' is_ in the objective case, _being_ governed by the preposition
_with_; and _consequently it_ cannot form the nominative, or any part of
it. The prominent subject _for the agreement_, the true nominative _to_ the
verb, _or the term_ to which the verb peculiarly refers, is the _word
'officer.'_"--_L. Murray cor._ "This is _an other_ use, that, in my
opinion, contributes to make a man learned _rather_ than wise; and is
_incapable_ of pleasing _either_ the understanding or _the_
imagination."--_Addison cor._ "The work is a dull performance; and is
_incapable_ of pleasing _either_ the understanding _or_ the
imagination."--_L. Murray cor._ "I would recommend the 'Elements of English
Grammar,' by Mr. Frost. _The_ plan _of this little work is similar to that
of Mr. L. Murray's smallest Grammar_; but, _in order_ to meet the
understanding of children, _its_ definitions and language _are_ simplified,
_so_ far as the nature of the subject will admit. It also embraces more
examples _for_ Parsing, than _are_ usual in elementary treatises."--_S. R.
Hall cor._ "More rain falls in the first two summer months, than in the
first two _months_ of winter; but _what falls_, makes a much greater show
upon the earth, in _winter_ than in _summer_, because there is a much
slower evaporation."--_L. Murray cor._ "They often contribute also to
_render_ some persons prosperous, though wicked; and, _what_ is still
worse, to _reward_ some actions, though vicious; and _punish_ other
actions, though virtuous."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "Hence, to such a man,
_arise_ naturally a secret satisfaction, _a_ sense of security, and _an_
implicit hope of somewhat further."--_Id._ "So much for the third and last
cause of illusion, that was _noticed above; which arises_ from the abuse of
very general and abstract terms; _and_ which is the principal source of the
_abundant_ nonsense that _has_ been vented by metaphysicians, mystagogues,
and theologians."--_Campbell cor._ "As to those animals _which are_ less
common, or _which_, on account of the places they inhabit, fall less under
our observation, as fishes and birds, or _which_ their diminutive size
removes still further from our observation, we generally, in English,
employ a single noun to designate both genders, _the_ masculine and _the_
feminine."--_Fosdick cor._ "Adjectives may always be distinguished by their
_relation to other words: they express_ the quality, condition, _or
number_, of whatever _things are_ mentioned."--_Emmons cor._ "_An_ adverb
_is_ a word added to a verb, _a_ participle, _an_ adjective, or _an_ other
adverb; _and generally expresses time, place, degree, or
manner_."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 29. "The _joining-together of_ two objects,
_so_ grand, and the representing _of_ them both, as subject at one moment
to the command of God, _produce_ a noble effect."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"Twisted columns, for instance, are undoubtedly ornamental; but, as they
have an appearance of weakness, they displease _the eye, whenever_ they are
_used_ to support any _massy_ part of a building, _or what_ seems to
require a more substantial prop."--_Id._ "_In_ a vast number of
inscriptions, some upon rocks, some upon stones of a defined shape, is
found an Alphabet different from the _Greeks', the Latins'_, and _the
Hebrews'_, and also unlike that of any modern nation."--_W. C. Fowler cor._
LESSON XVIII.--MANY ERRORS.
"The empire of Blefuscu is an island situated on the northeast side of
Lilliput, from _which_ it is parted by a channel of _only_ 800 yards _in
width_."--_Swift and Kames cor._ "The nominative case usually _denotes_ the
agent or doer; and _any noun or pronoun which is_ the subject of a _finite_
verb, _is always in this case_."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "There _are, in_ his
allegorical personages, an originality, _a_ richness, and _a_ variety,
which almost _vie_ with the splendours of the ancient mythology."--_Hazlitt
cor._ "As neither the Jewish nor _the_ Christian revelation _has_ been
universal, and as _each has_ been afforded to a greater or _a_ less part of
the world at different times; so likewise, at different times, both
revelations have had different degrees of evidence."--_Bp. Butler cor._
"Thus we see, that, _to kill_ a man with a sword, _and to kill one_ with a
hatchet, are looked upon as no distinct species of action; but, if the
point of the sword first enter the body, _the action_ passes for a distinct
species, called _stabbing_."--_Locke cor._ "If a soul sin, and commit a
trespass against the Lord, and lie unto his neighbour _concerning_ that
which was delivered him to keep, or _deceive_ his neighbour, or _find_ that
which was lost, and _lie_ concerning it, and _swear_ falsely; in any of all
these that a man doeth, sinning therein, then it shall be," &c.--_Bible
cor._ "As, _to do_ and _teach_ the commandments of God, is the great proof
of virtue; so, _to break_ them, and _to teach_ others to break them, _are_
the great _proofs_ of vice."--_Wayland cor._ "The latter simile, _in_
Pope's terrific maltreatment of _it_, is true _neither_ to _the_ mind _nor
to the_ eye."--_Coleridge cor._ "And the two brothers were seen,
transported with rage and fury, like Eteocles and Polynices, _each
endeavouring_ to plunge _his sword_ into _the other's heart_, and to assure
_himself_ of the throne by the death of _his_ rival."--_Goldsmith cor._ "Is
it not plain, therefore, that neither the castle, _nor_ the planet, nor the
cloud, which you _here_ see, _is that_ real _one_ which you suppose _to_
exist at a distance?"--_Berkley cor._ "I have often wondered, how it comes
to pass, that every body should love _himself_ best, and yet value _his
neighbours'_ opinion about _himself_ more than _his_ own."--_Collier cor._
"Virtue, ([Greek: Aretae], _Virtus_,) as well as most of its species, _when
sex is figuratively ascribed to it, is made_ feminine, perhaps from _its_
beauty and amiable appearance."--_Harris cor._ "Virtue, with most of its
species, is _made_ feminine _when personified_; and so is Vice, _perhaps_
for being Virtue's opposite."--_Brit. Gram. cor._; also _Buchanan_. "From
this deduction, _it_ may _easily_ be seen, how it comes to pass, that
personification makes so great a figure in all compositions _in which_
imagination or passion _has_ any concern."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "An Article is
a word _placed before a noun_, to point _it_ out _as such_, and to show how
far _its_ signification extends."--_Folker cor._ "All men have certain
natural, essential, and inherent rights;--among which are the _rights of_
enjoying and defending life and liberty; _of_ acquiring, possessing, and
protecting property; and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining
happiness."--_Const. of N. H. cor._ "From _those_ grammarians who form
their ideas and make their decisions, respecting this part of English
grammar, _from_ the principles and construction of _other_ languages,--_of
languages_ which do not in these points _accord with_ our own, but _which_
differ considerably from it,--we may naturally expect grammatical schemes
that _will be neither_ perspicuous nor consistent, and _that_ will tend
_rather_ to perplex than _to_ inform the learner."--_Murray and Hall cor.
"Indeed_ there are but very few who know how to be idle and innocent, or
_who_ have a relish _for_ any pleasures that are not criminal; every
diversion _which the majority_ take, is at the expense of some one virtue
or _other_, and their very first step out of business is into vice or
folly."--_Addison cor._
"Hail, holy Love! thou _bliss_ that _sumst_ all bliss!
_Giv'st_ and _receiv'st_ all bliss; fullest when most
Thou _giv'st_; spring-head of all felicity!"--_Pollok cor._
CHAPTER XIII--GENERAL RULE.
CORRECTIONS UNDER THE GENERAL RULE.
LESSON I.--ARTICLES.
(1.) "_The_ article is a part of speech placed before nouns." Or thus:
"_An_ article is a _word_ placed before nouns."--_Comly cor._ (2.) "_The_
article is a part of speech used to limit nouns."--_Gilbert cor._ (3.) "An
article is a _word_ set before nouns to fix their vague
signification."--_Ash cor._ (4.) "_The_ adjective is a part of speech used
to describe _something named by a_ noun."--_Gilbert cor._ (5.) "A pronoun
is a _word_ used _in stead_ of a noun."--_Id. and Weld cor.: Inst._, p. 45.
(6.) "_The_ pronoun is a part of speech which is often used _in stead_ of a
noun."--_Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor._ (7.) "A verb is a _word_ which
signifies _to be, to do_, or _to be acted upon_."--_Merchant cor._ (8.)
"_The_ verb is a part of speech which signifies _to be, to act_, or _to
receive an action_."--_Comly cor._ (9.) "_The_ verb is _the_ part of speech
by which any thing is asserted."--_Weld cor._ (10.) "_The_ verb is a part
of speech, which expresses action or existence in a direct
manner."--_Gilbert cor._ (11.) "A participle is a _word_ derived from a
verb, and expresses action or existence in an indirect manner."--_Id._
(12.) "_The_ participle is a part of speech derived from _the_ verb, and
denotes being, doing, or suffering, and implies time, as a verb
does."--_Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor._ (13.) "_The_ adverb is a part of
speech used to add _some modification_ to the meaning of verbs, adjectives,
and participles."--_Gilbert cor._ (14.) "An adverb is an indeclinable
_word_ added to a verb, [_a participle,] an_ adjective, or _an_ other
adverb, to express some circumstance, _accident_, or manner of _its_
signification."--_Adam and Gould cor._ (15.) "An adverb is a _word added_
to a verb, an adjective, a participle, _or an_ other adverb, to express the
circumstance of _time, place, degree, or manner_."--_Dr. Ash cor._ (16.)
"An adverb is a _word added_ to a verb, _an_ adjective, _a_ participle,
_or_, sometimes, _an_ other adverb, to express some _circumstance_
respecting _the sense_."--_Beck cor._ (17.) "_The_ adverb is a part of
speech, which is _added_ to _verbs, adjectives, participles_, or to other
_adverbs_, to express some modification or circumstance, quality or manner,
of their signification."--_Buchanan cor._ (18.) "_The_ adverb is a part of
speech _which we add_ to _the verb_, (whence the name,) _to the adjective
or participle likewise_, and sometimes even to _an other adverb_."--_Bucke
cor._ (19.) "A conjunction is a _word_ used to connect words _or_
sentences."--_Gilbert and Weld cor._ (20.) "_The_ conjunction is a part of
speech that joins words or sentences together."--_Ash cor._ (21.) "_The_
conjunction is that part of speech which _connects_ sentences, or parts of
sentences, or single words."--_D. Blair cor._ (22.) "_The_ conjunction is a
part of speech that is used principally to connect sentences, so as, out of
two, three, or more sentences, to make one."--_Bucke cor._ (23.) "_The_
conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect _words or_
sentences _together; but_, chiefly, _to join_ simple sentences into _such
as are_ compound."--_Kirkham cor._ (24.) "A conjunction is a _word_ which
joins _words or_ sentences together, and _shows_ the manner of their
_dependence, as they stand in connexion_."--_Brit. Gram. et al. cor._ (25.)
"A preposition is a _word_ used to show the relation between other words,
_and govern the subsequent term_."--_Gilbert cor._ (26.) "A preposition is
a _governing word_ which serves to connect _other_ words, and _to_ show the
relation between them."--_Frost cor._ (27.) "A preposition is a _governing
particle_ used to connect words and show their relation."--_Weld cor._
(28.) "_The_ preposition is that part of speech which shows the _various
positions_ of persons or things, _and_ the _consequent relations_ that
_certain words bear_ toward _one an_ other."--_David Blair cor._ (29.)
"_The_ preposition is a part of speech, which, being added to _certain_
other parts of speech, serves to _show_ their state _of_ relation, or
_their_ reference to each other."--_Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor._ (30.)
"_The_ interjection is a part of speech used to express sudden passion or
_strong_ emotion."--_Gilbert cor._ (31.) "An interjection is an
_unconnected word_ used in giving utterance to some sudden feeling or
_strong_ emotion."--_Weld cor._ (32.) "_The_ interjection is that part of
speech which denotes any sudden affection or _strong_ emotion of the
mind."--_David Blair cor._ (33.) "An interjection is _an independent word
or sound_ thrown into discourse, and denotes some sudden passion or
_strong_ emotion of the soul."--_Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor._
(34.) "_The_ scene might tempt some peaceful sage
To rear _a lonely_ hermitage."--_Gent. of Aberdeen cor._
(35.) "Not all the storms that shake the pole,
Can e'er disturb thy halcyon soul,
And _smooth unalter'd_ brow."--_Barbauld's Poems_, p. 42.
LESSON II.--NOUNS.
"The _throne_ of every monarchy felt the shock."--_Frelinghuysen cor._
"These principles ought to be deeply impressed upon the _mind_ of every
American."--_Dr. N. Webster cor._ "The _words_ CHURCH and SHIRE are
radically the same."--_Id._ "They may not, in their present form, be
readily accommodated to every circumstance belonging to the possessive
_case_ of nouns."--_L. Murray cor. "Will_, in the second and third
_persons_, only _foretells_."--_Id.; Lowth's Gram._, p. 41. "Which seem to
form the true distinction between the subjunctive and the indicative
_mood_."--_L. Murray cor._ "The very general approbation which this
performance of _Walker's_ has received from the public."--_Id._ "Lest she
carry her improvements _of this kind_ too far." Or thus: "Lest she carry
her improvements _in_ this way too far."--_Id. and Campbell cor._ "Charles
was extravagant, and by _his prodigality_ became poor and despicable."--_L.
Murray cor._ "We should entertain no _prejudice_ against simple and rustic
persons."--_Id._ "These are indeed the _foundation_ of all solid
merit."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "And his embellishment, by means of _figures,
musical cadences_, or other _ornaments_ of speech."--_Id._ "If he is at no
pains to engage us by the employment of figures, musical arrangement, or
any other _ornament of style_."--_Id._ "The most eminent of the sacred
poets, are, _David, Isaiah_, and the _author_ of the Book of Job."--_Id._
"Nothing in any _poem_, is more beautifully described than the death of old
Priam."--_Id._ "When two vowels meet together, and are _joined in one
syllable_, they are called _a diphthong_."--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "How many
_Esses_ would _goodness'_ then end with? Three; as _goodness's_."--_Id.
"Birds_ is a noun; it is the _common_ name of _feathered
animals_."--_Kirkham cor._ "Adam gave names to _all_ living _creatures_."
Or thus: "Adam gave _a name_ to every living creature."--_Bicknell cor._
"The steps of a _flight of stairs_ ought to be accommodated to the human
figure." Or thus: "_Stairs_ ought to be accommodated to the _ease of the
users_."--_Kames cor._ "Nor ought an emblem, more than a simile, to be
founded on _a_ low or familiar _object_."--_Id._ "Whatever the Latin has
not from the Greek, it has from the _Gothic_."--_Tooke cor._ "The _mint_,
and _the office of the secretary of state_, are neat buildings."--_The
Friend cor._ "The scenes of dead and still _existence_ are apt to pall upon
us."--_Blair cor._ "And Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, the angelical
_doctor_ and the subtle, are the brightest stars in the scholastic
constellation."--_Lit. Hist. cor._ "The English language has three methods
of distinguishing the _sexes_."--_Murray et al. cor._; also _R. C. Smith_.
"In English, there are the three following methods of distinguishing _the
sexes_."--_Jaudon cor._ "There are three ways of distinguishing the
_sexes_."--_Lennie et al. cor._; also _Merchant. "The sexes are_
distinguished in three ways."--_Maunder cor._ "Neither discourse in
general, nor poetry in particular, can be called altogether an imitative
_art_."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"Do we for this the gods and conscience brave,
That one may rule and _all_ the rest _enslave_?"--_Rowe cor._
LESSON III.--ADJECTIVES.
"There is a deal _more_ of heads, than _of_ either heart or
horns."--_Barclay cor._ "For, of all villains, I think he has the _most
improper name_."--_Bunyan cor._ "Of all the men that I met in my
pilgrimage, he, I think, bears the _wrongest_ name."--_Id._ "I am
_surprised_ to see so much of the distribution, and _so many of the_
technical terms, of the Latin grammar, retained in the grammar of our
tongue."--_Priestley cor._ "Nor did the Duke of Burgundy bring him _any_
assistance."--_Hume and Priestley cor._ "Else he will find it difficult to
make _an_ obstinate _person_ believe him."--_Brightland cor._ "Are there
any adjectives which form the degrees of comparison _in a manner_ peculiar
to themselves?"--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "Yet _all_ the verbs are of the
indicative mood."--_Lowth cor._ "The word _candidate_ is _absolute_, in the
_nominative_ case."--_L. Murray cor._ "An Iambus has the first syllable
unaccented, and the _last_ accented."--_L. Murray, D. Blair, Jamieson,
Kirkham, Bullions, Guy, Merchant_, and others. "A Dactyl has the first
syllable accented, and the _last two [syllables_] unaccented."--_Murray et
al. cor._ "It is proper to begin with a capital the first word of every
book, chapter, letter, note, or[553] other piece of writing."--_Jaudon's
Gram._, p. 195; _John Flint's_, 105. "Five and seven make twelve, and one
_more_ makes thirteen."--_L. Murray cor._ "I wish to cultivate a _nearer_
acquaintance with you."--_Id._ "Let us consider the means _which are
proper_ to effect our purpose." Or thus: "Let us consider _what_ means
_are_ proper to effect our purpose."--_Id._ "Yet they are of _so_ similar a
nature as readily to mix and blend."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The Latin is formed
on the same model, but _is_ more imperfect."--_Id._ "I know very well how
_great_ pains have been taken." Or thus: "I know very well how much _care
has_ been taken."--_Temple cor._ "The management of the breath requires a
_great_ deal of care."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Because the mind, during such a
momentary stupefaction, is, in a _great_ measure, if not totally,
insensible."--_Kames cor._ "Motives of reason and interest _alone_ are not
sufficient."--_Id._ "To render the composition distinct in its parts, and
on the whole _impressive_."--_Id._ "_A_ and _an_ are named _the Indefinite
article_, because they denote _indifferently any_ one thing of a
kind."--_Maunder cor._ "_The_ is named _the Definite article_, because it
points out some particular thing _or things_."--_Id._ "So much depends upon
the proper construction of sentences, that, in _any_ sort of composition,
we cannot be too strict in our attention to it." Or:--"that, in _every_
sort of composition, we _ought to be very_ strict in our attention to it."
Or:--"that, in _no_ sort of composition, _can we be_ too strict," &c.--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "_Every_ sort of declamation and public speaking was carried on
by them." Or thus: "All _sorts_ of declamation and public speaking, _were_
carried on by them."--_Id._ "The _former_ has, on many occasions, a
sublimity to which the latter never attains."--_Id._ "When the words,
_therefore, consequently, accordingly_, and the like, are used in connexion
with conjunctions, they are adverbs."--_Kirkham cor._ "Rude nations make
_few_ or no allusions to the productions of the arts."--_Jamieson cor._
"While two of her maids knelt on _each_ side of her." Or, if there were
only two maids kneeling, and not four: "While two of her maids knelt _one_
on _each_ side of her."--_Mirror cor._ "The personal pronouns _of the third
person_, differ from _one an_ other in meaning and use, as
follows."--_Bullions cor._ "It was happy for the state, that Fabius
continued in the command with _Minutius_: the phlegm _of the former_ was a
check _on_ the vivacity _of the latter_."--_L. Murray and others cor._: see
_Maunders Gram._, p. 4. "If it be objected, that the words _must_ and
_ought_, in the preceding sentences, are _both_ in the present tense." Or
thus: "If it be objected, that _in all_ the preceding sentences the words
_must_ and _ought_ are in the present tense."--_L. Murray cor._ "But it
will be well, if you turn to them now and then." Or:--"if you turn to them
_occasionally_."--_Bucke cor._ "That every part should have a dependence
on, and mutually contribute to support, _every_ other."--_Rollin cor._ "The
phrase, '_Good, my lord_,' is not common, and _is_ low." Or:--"is
_uncommon_, and low."--_Priestley cor._
"That brother should not war with brother,
And _one_ devour _or vex an_ other."--_Cowper cor._
LESSON IV.--PRONOUNS.
"If I can contribute to _our_ country's glory." Or:--"to _your glory_ and
_that of my country_."--_Goldsmith cor._ "As likewise of the several
subjects, which have in effect each _its_ verb."--_Lowth cor._ "He is
likewise required to make examples _for_ himself." Or: "He _himself_ is
likewise required to make examples."--_J. Flint cor._ "If the emphasis be
placed wrong, _it will_ pervert and confound the meaning wholly." Or: "If
the emphasis be placed wrong, the meaning _will be perverted_ and
_confounded_ wholly." Or: "If _we place_ the emphasis wrong, we pervert and
confound the meaning wholly."--_L. Murray cor._; also _Dr. Blair_. "It was
this, that characterized the great men of antiquity; it is this, _that_
must distinguish the moderns who would tread in their steps."--_Dr. Blair
cor._ "I am a great enemy to implicit faith, as well the Popish as _the_
Presbyterian; _for_, in that, _the Papists and the Presbyterians_ are
_very_ much alike."--_Barclay cor._ "Will he thence dare to say, the
apostle held _an other_ Christ than _him_ that died?"--_Id._ "_Why_ need
you be anxious about this event?" Or: "What need _have_ you to be anxious
about this event?"--_Collier cor._ "If a substantive can be placed after
the verb, _the latter_ is active."--_A. Murray cor._ "_To see_ bad men
honoured and prosperous in the world, is some discouragement to virtue."
Or: "_It_ is some discouragement to virtue, _to see_ bad men," &c.--_L.
Murray cor._ "It is a happiness to young persons, _to be_ preserved from
the snares of the world, as in a garden enclosed."--_Id._ "_At_ the court
of Queen Elizabeth, _where all_ was prudence and economy."--_Bullions cor._
"It is no wonder, if such a man did not shine at the court of Queen
Elizabeth, who was _so remarkable_ for _her_ prudence and
economy."--_Priestley, Murray, et al cor._ "A defective verb is _a verb_
that wants some parts. _The defective verbs_ are chiefly the _auxiliaries_
and _the_ impersonal verbs."--_Bullions cor._ "Some writers have given _to
the_ moods a much greater extent than _I_ have assigned to them."--_L.
Murray cor._ "The personal pronouns give _such_ information _as_ no other
words are capable of conveying."--_M'Culloch cor._ "When the article _a,
an_, or _the_, precedes the participle, _the latter_ also becomes a
noun."--_Merchant cor._ "To some of these, there is a preference to be
given, which custom and judgement must determine."--_L. Murray cor._ "Many
writers affect to subjoin to any word the preposition with which it is
compounded, or _that_ of which it _literally_ implies the idea."--_Id. and
Priestley cor._
"Say, dost thou know Vectidius? _Whom_, the wretch
Whose lands beyond the Sabines largely stretch?"--_Dryden cor._
LESSON V.--VERBS.
"We _should_ naturally expect, that the word _depend_ would require _from_
after it."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 158. "A dish which they pretend _is_
made of emerald."--_L. Murray cor._ "For the very nature of a sentence
implies _that_ one proposition _is_ expressed."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p.
311. "Without a careful attention to the sense, we _should_ be naturally
led, by the rules of syntax, to refer it to the rising and setting of the
sun."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "For any rules that can be given, on this subject,
_must be_ very general."--_Id._ "He _would be_ in the right, if eloquence
were what he conceives it to be."--_Id._ "There I _should_ prefer a more
free and diffuse manner."--_Id._ "Yet that they also _resembled one an
other, and agreed_ in certain qualities."--_Id._ "But, since he must
restore her, he insists _on having an other_ in her place."--_Id._ "But
these are far from being so frequent, or so common, as _they have_ been
supposed _to be_."--_Id._ "We are not _led_ to assign a wrong place to the
pleasant or _the_ painful feelings."--_Kames cor._ "Which are of greater
importance than _they are_ commonly thought."--_Id._ "Since these qualities
are both coarse and common, _let us_ find out the mark of a man of
probity."--_Collier cor._ "Cicero did what no man had ever done before him;
_he drew_ up a treatise of consolation for himself."--_Biographer cor._
"Then there can _remain_ no other doubt of the truth."--_Brightland cor._
"I have observed _that_ some satirists use the term." Or: "I have observed
some satirists _to_ use the term."--_Bullions cor._ "Such men are ready to
despond, or _to become_ enemies."--_Webster cor._ "Common nouns _are_ names
common to many things."--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "To make ourselves _heard_ by
one to whom we address ourselves."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "That, in reading
poetry, he may be the better able to judge of its correctness, and _may_
relish its beauties." Or:--"and _to_ relish its beauties."--_L. Murray
cor._ "On the stretch to keep pace with the author, and _comprehend his
meaning_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "For it might have been sold for more than
three hundred pence, and _the money_ have been given to the poor."--_Bible
cor._ "He is a beam that _has_ departed, and _has_ left no streak of light
behind."--_Ossian cor._ "No part of this incident ought to have been
represented, but _the whole should have been_ reserved for a
narrative."--_Kames cor._ "The rulers and people debauching themselves, _a
country is brought to ruin_." Or: "_When_ the rulers and people _debauch_
themselves, _they bring_ ruin on a country."--_Ware cor._ "When _a title_,
(as _Doctor, Miss, Master_, &c.,) is prefixed to a name, the _latter only_,
of the two words, is commonly _varied to form the_ plural; as, 'The _Doctor
Nettletons_,'--'The two _Miss Hudsons_.'"--_A. Murray cor._ "Wherefore that
field _has been_ called, '_The Field of Blood_,' unto this day."--_Bible
cor._ "To comprehend the situations of other countries, which perhaps _it_
may be necessary for him to explore."--_Dr. Brown cor._ "We content
ourselves now with fewer conjunctive particles than our ancestors
_used_."--_Priestley cor._ "And who will be chiefly liable to make mistakes
where others have _erred_ before them."--_Id._ "The voice of nature _and
that of_ revelation _unite_." Or: "_Revelation and_ the voice of nature
_unite_." Or: "The voice of nature _unites with revelation_." Or: "The
voice of nature unites _with that of_ revelation."--_Wayland cor._
"This adjective, you see, we can't admit;
But, changed to 'WORSE,' _the word is_ just and fit."--_Tobitt cor._
LESSON VI.--PARTICIPLES.
"Its application is not arbitrary, _or dependent_ on the caprice of
readers."--_L. Murray cor._ "This is the more expedient, _because the work
is_ designed for the benefit of private learners."--_Id._ "A man, he tells
us, ordered by his will, to have _a statue erected_ for him."--_Dr. Blair
cor._ "From some likeness too remote, and _lying_ too far out of the road
of ordinary thought."--_Id._ "In the commercial world, money is a _fluid,
running_ from hand to hand."--_Dr. Webster cor._ "He pays much attention to
_the_ learning and singing _of_ songs."--_Id._ "I would not be understood
to consider _the_ singing _of_ songs as criminal."--_Id._ "It is a _case
decided by Cicero_, the great master of writing."--_Editor of Waller cor._
"Did they ever bear a testimony against _the_ writing _of_ books?"--
_Bates's Rep. cor._ "Exclamations are sometimes _mistaken_ for
interrogations."--_Hist. of Print, cor._ "Which cannot fail _to prove_ of
service."--_Smith cor._ "Hewn into such figures as would make them
_incorporate_ easily and firmly."--_Beat, or Mur. cor._ "_After_ the rule
and example, _there_ are practical inductive questions."--_J. Flint cor._
"I think _it_ will be an advantage, _that I have_ collected _my_ examples
from modern writings."--_Priestley cor._ "He was eager _to recommend_ it to
his fellow-citizens."--_Id. and Hume cor._ "The good lady was careful _to
serve_ me _with_ every thing."--_Id._ "No revelation would have been given,
had the light of nature been sufficient, in such a sense as to render one
_superfluous_ and useless."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "Description, again, is _a
representation which raises_ in the mind the conception of an object, by
means of some arbitrary or instituted symbols."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"Disappointing the expectation of the hearers, when they look for _an
end_." Or:--"for _the termination of_ our _discourse_."--_Id._ "There is a
distinction, which, in the use of them, is _worthy_ of attention."--
_Maunder cor._ "A model has been contrived, which is not very expensive,
and _which_ is easily managed."--_Ed. Reporter cor._ "The conspiracy was
the more easily discovered, _because the conspirators were_ many."--_L.
Murray cor._ "Nearly ten years _had_ that celebrated work _been published_,
before its importance was at all understood."--_Id._ "_That_ the _sceptre
is_ ostensibly grasped by a female hand, does not reverse the general order
of government."--_West cor._ "I have hesitated _about_ signing the
Declaration of Sentiments."--_Lib. cor._ "The prolonging of men's lives
when the world needed to be peopled, and _the subsequent_ shortening _of_
them when that necessity _had_ ceased."--_Rev. John Brown cor._ "Before the
performance commences, we _see_ displayed the insipid formalities of the
prelusive scene."--_Kirkham cor._ "It forbade the lending of money, or
_the_ sending _of_ goods, or _the_ embarking _of_ capital in anyway, in
transactions connected with that foreign traffic."--_Brougham cor._ "Even
abstract ideas have sometimes the same important _prerogative conferred_
upon them."--_Jamieson cor._ "_Ment_, like other terminations, changes _y_
into _i_, when _the y is preceded_ by a consonant."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p.
25. "The term PROPER is from the French _propre_, own, or the Latin
_proprius_; and _a Proper noun_ is _so called, because it_ is peculiar to
the individual _or family_ bearing the name. The term COMMON is from the
Latin _communis_, pertaining equally to several or many; and _a Common
noun_ is _so called, because it is common_ to every individual comprised in
the class."--_Fowler cor._
"Thus oft by mariners are _showed_ (Unless the men of Kent are liars)
Earl Godwin's castles _overflowed_, And palace-roofs, and steeple-
spires."--_Swift cor._
LESSON VII.--ADVERBS.
"He spoke to every man and woman _who was there_."--_L. Murray cor._
"Thought and language act and react upon each other."--_Murray's Key_, p.
264. "Thought and expression act _and react_ upon each other."--_Murray's
Gram._, 8vo, p. 356. "They have neither the leisure nor the means of
attaining any knowledge, except what lies within the contracted circle of
their several professions."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 160. "Before they are
capable of understanding _much_, or indeed any thing, of _most_ other
branches of education."--_Olney cor._ "There is _no_ more beauty in one of
them, than in _an other_."--_L. Murray cor._ "Which appear to be
constructed according to _no_ certain rule."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The
vehement manner of speaking became _less_ universal."--Or better:--"_less
general_."--_Id._ "_Not_ all languages, however, agree in this mode of
expression." Or: "This mode of expression, however, _is not common to all_
languages."--_Id._ "The great occasion of setting _apart_ this particular
day."--_Atterbury cor._ "He is much more promising now, than _he was_
formerly."--_L. Murray cor._ "They are placed before a participle, _without
dependence_ on the rest of the sentence."--_Id._ "This opinion _does not
appear to have been_ well considered." Or: "This opinion appears to _have
been formed without due consideration_."--_Id._ "Precision in language
merits a full explication; and _merits it_ the more, because distinct ideas
are, perhaps, _but rarely_ formed _concerning_ it."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "In
the more sublime parts of poetry, he is _less_ distinguished." Or:--"he is
not so _highly_ distinguished."--_Id._ "_Whether_ the author was altogether
happy in the choice of his subject, may be questioned."--_Id._ "But, _with
regard to this matter_ also, there is a great error in the common
practice."--_Webster cor._ "This order is the very order of the human mind,
which makes things we are sensible of, a means to come at those that are
not _known_." Or:--"which makes things _that_ are _already known, its_
means _of finding out_ those that are not so."--_Foreman cor._ "Now, who is
not discouraged, and _does not fear_ want, when he has no money?"--_C.
Leslie cor._ "Which the authors of this work consider of little or no
use."--_Wilbur and Liv. cor._ "And here indeed the distinction between
these two classes begins to be _obscure_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "But this is a
manner which deserves to be _avoided_." Or:--"which _does not deserve_ to
be imitated."--_Id._ "And, in this department, a person effects _very_
little, _whenever_ he attempts too much."--_Campbell and Murray cor._ "The
verb that signifies _mere_ being, is neuter."--_Ash cor._ "I hope to tire
_but little_ those whom I shall not happen to please."--_Rambler cor._ "Who
were utterly unable to pronounce some letters, and _who pronounced_ others
very indistinctly."--_Sheridan cor._ "The learner may point out the active,
passive, and neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons
_for thus distinguishing them_." Or: "The learner may point out the active,
_the_ passive, and _the_ neuter verbs in the following examples, and state
the reasons _for calling them so_."--_C. Adams cor._ "These words are
_almost_ always conjunctions."--_Barrett cor._
"_How glibly_ nonsense trickles from his tongue!
How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung!"--_Pope cor._
LESSON VIII.--CONJUNCTIONS.
"Who, at least, either knew not, _or did not love_ to make, a distinction."
Or better thus: "Who, at least, either knew _no distinction_, or _did not
like_ to make _any_."--_Dr. Murray cor._ "It is childish in the last degree
_to let_ this become the ground of estranged affection."--_L. Murray cor._
"When the regular, _and when_ the irregular verb, is to be preferred
[sic--KTH], p. 107."--_Id._ "The books were to have been sold this day."
Or:--"_on_ this day."--_Priestley cor._ "Do, _an_ you will." Or: "Do, _if_
you will."--_Shak. cor._ "If a man had a positive idea _either_ of infinite
duration or _of infinite_ space, he could add two infinites together." Or:
"If a man had a positive idea of _what is_ infinite, either _in_ duration
or _in_ space, he could," &c.--_Murray's proof-text cor._ "None shall more
willingly agree _to_ and advance the same _than_ I."--_Morton cor._ "That
it cannot _but_ be hurtful to continue it."--_Barclay cor._ "A conjunction
joins words _or_ sentences."--_Beck cor._ "The copulative conjunction
connects words _or_ sentences together, and continues the sense."--_Frost
cor._ "The _copulative_ conjunction serves to connect [_words or clauses_,]
_and_ continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a cause, or a
supposition."--_L. Murray cor._ "All construction is either true or
apparent; or, in other words, _either literal or_ figurative."--_Buchanan
and Brit. Gram. cor._ "But the divine character is such _as_ none but a
divine hand could draw." Or: "But the divine character is such, _that_ none
but a divine hand could draw _it_."--_A. Keith cor._ "Who is so mad, that,
on inspecting the heavens, _he_ is insensible of a God?"--_Gibbons cor._
"It is now submitted to an enlightened public, with little _further_ desire
on the part of the _author_, than for its general utility."--_Town cor._
"This will sufficiently explain _why_ so many provincials have grown old in
the capital without making any change in their original dialect."--
_Sheridan cor._ "Of these, they had chiefly three in general use, which
were denominated ACCENTS, the term _being_ used in the plural
number."--_Id._ "And this is one of the chief reasons _why_ dramatic
representations have ever held the first rank amongst the diversions of
mankind."--_Id._ "Which is the chief reason _why_ public reading is in
general so disgusting."--_Id._ "At the same time _in which_ they learn to
read." Or: "_While_ they learn to read."--_Id._ "He is always to pronounce
his words with _exactly_ the same accent that he _uses in
speaking_."--_Id._ "In order to know what _an other_ knows, and in the same
manner _in which_ he knows it."--_Id._ "For the same reason _for which_ it
is, in a more limited state, assigned to the several tribes of
animals."--_Id._ "Were there masters to teach this, in the same manner _in
which_ other arts are taught." Or: "Were there masters to teach this, _as_
other arts are taught."--_Id._
"Whose own example strengthens all his laws;
_Who_ is himself that great sublime he draws."--_Pope cor._
LESSON IX.--PREPOSITIONS.
"The word _so_ has sometimes the same meaning _as_ ALSO, LIKEWISE, _or_ THE
SAME."--_Priestley cor._ "The verb _use_ relates not to 'pleasures of the
imagination;' but to the terms _fancy_ and _imagination_, which he was to
employ as synonymous."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "It never can view, clearly and
distinctly, _more than_ one object at a time."--_Id._ "This figure
[Euphemism] is often the same _as_ the Periphrasis."--_Adam and Gould cor._
"All the _intermediate_ time _between_ youth and old age."--_W. Walker
cor._ "When one thing is said to act _upon an other_, or do something to
_it_."--_Lowth cor._ "Such a composition has as much of meaning in it, as a
mummy has _of_ life." Or: "Such a composition has as much meaning in it, as
a mummy has life."--_Lit. Conv. cor._ "That young men, from fourteen to
eighteen _years of age_, were not the best judges."--_Id._ "This day is a
day of trouble, and of rebuke, and _of_ blasphemy."--_Isaiah_, xxxvii, 3.
"Blank verse has the same pauses and accents _that occur in_
rhyme."--_Kames cor._ "In prosody, long syllables are distinguished by _the
macron_ (-); and short ones by what is called _the breve_ (~)."--_Bucke
cor._ "Sometimes both articles are left out, especially _from_
poetry."--_Id._ "_From_ the following example, the pronoun and participle
are omitted." Or: "In the following example, the pronoun and participle are
_not expressed_."--_L. Murray cor._ [But the example was faulty. Say.]
"Conscious of his weight and importance,"--or, "_Being_ conscious of his
own weight and importance, _he did_ not _solicit_ the aid of
others."--_Id._ "He was an excellent person; _even in his_ early youth, a
mirror of _the_ ancient faith."--_Id._ "The carrying _of_ its several parts
into execution."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "Concord is the agreement which one
word has _with_ an other, in gender, number, case, _or_ person."--_L.
Murray's Gram._, p. 142. "It might perhaps have given me a greater taste
_for_ its antiquities."--_Addison cor._ "To call _on_ a person, and to wait
_on_ him."--_Priestley cor._ "The great difficulty they found in fixing
just sentiments."--_Id. and Hume cor._ "Developing the _differences of_ the
three."--_James Brown cor._ "When the singular ends in x, ch soft, sh, ss,
or s, we add _es to form_ the plural."--_L. Murray cor._ "We shall present
him a list or specimen of them." "It is very common to hear of the evils of
pernicious reading, how it enervates the mind, or how it depraves the
principles."--_Dymond cor._ "In this example, the verb _arises_ is
understood before 'curiosity' and _before_ 'knowledge.'"--_L. Murray et al.
cor._ "The connective is frequently omitted, _when_ several words _have the
same construction_."--_Wilcox cor._ "He shall expel them from before you,
and drive them _out from_ your sight."--_Bible cor._ "Who makes his sun
_to_ shine and his rain to descend, upon the just and the unjust." Or thus:
"Who makes his sun shine, and his rain descend, upon the just and the
unjust."--_M'Ilvaine cor._
LESSON X.--MIXED EXAMPLES.
"This sentence violates _an established rule_ of grammar."--_L. Murray
cor._ "The words _thou_ and _shall_ are again reduced to _syllables of_
short _quantity_."--_Id._ "Have the _greatest_ men always been the most
popular? By no means."--_Lieber cor._ "St. Paul positively stated, that 'He
_that loveth an other, hath_ fulfilled the law.'"--_Rom._, xiii, 8. "More
_organs_ than one _are_ concerned in the utterance of almost every
consonant."--_M'Culloch cor._ "If the reader will pardon _me for_
descending so low."--_Campbell cor._ "To adjust them in _such a manner_ as
shall consist equally with the perspicuity and the grace of the period."
Or: "To adjust them so, _that they_ shall consist equally," &c.--_Dr. Blair
and L. Mur. cor._ "This class exhibits a lamentable inefficiency, and _a
great_ want of simplicity."--_Gardiner cor._ "Whose style, _in all its
course_, flows like a limpid stream, _through which_ we see to the very
bottom."--_Dr. Blair cor._; also _L. Murray_. "We _admit various
ellipses_." Or thus: "An _ellipsis_, or _omission_, of some words, is
frequently admitted."--_Lennie's Gram._, p. 116. "The ellipsis, of
_articles may occur_ thus."--_L. Murray cor._ "Sometimes the _article a_ is
improperly applied to nouns of different numbers; as, 'A magnificent house
and gardens.'"--_Id._ "In some very emphatical expressions, _no_ ellipsis
should be _allowed_."--_Id._ "_Ellipses_ of the adjective _may happen_ in
the following manner."--_Id._ "The following _examples show that there may
be an_ ellipsis of the pronoun."--_Id._ "_Ellipses_ of the verb _occur_ in
the following instances."--_Id._ "_Ellipses_ of the adverb _may occur_ in
the following manner."--_Id._ "The following _brief expressions are all of
them elliptical_." [554]--_Id._ "If no emphasis be placed on any words, not
only will discourse be rendered heavy and lifeless, but the meaning _will_
often _be left_ ambiguous."--_Id._; also _J. S. Hart and Dr. Blair cor._
"He regards his word, but thou dost not _regard thine_."--_Bullions,
Murray, et al., cor._ "I have learned my task, but you have not _learned
yours_."--_Iid._ "When the omission of a word would obscure the _sense_,
weaken _the expression_, or be attended with impropriety, _no ellipsis_
must be _indulged_."--_Murray and Weld cor._ "And therefore the verb is
correctly put in the singular number, and refers to _them all_ separately
and individually considered."--_L. Murray cor._ "_He was to me the most
intelligible_ of all who spoke on the subject."--_Id._ "I understood him
better than _I did_ any other who spoke on the _subject_."--_Id._ "The
roughness found on the entrance into the paths of virtue and learning
_decreases_ as we advance." Or: "The _roughnesses encountered in_ the paths
of virtue and learning _diminish_ as we advance."--_Id._ "_There is_
nothing _which more_ promotes knowledge, than _do_ steady application and
_habitual_ observation."--_Id._ "Virtue confers _on man the highest_
dignity _of which he is capable; it_ should _therefore_ be _the chief
object of_ his desire."--_Id. and Merchant cor._ "The supreme Author of our
being has so formed _the human soul_, that nothing but himself can be its
last, adequate, and proper happiness."--_Addison and Blair cor._ "The
inhabitants of China laugh at the plantations of our Europeans: 'Because,'
_say they_, 'any one may place trees in equal rows and uniform
figures.'"--_Iid._ "The divine laws are not _to be reversed_ by those of
men."--_L. Murray cor._ "In both of these examples, the relative _which_
and the verb _was_ are understood."--_Id. et al. cor._ "The Greek and Latin
languages, though for many reasons they cannot be called dialects of one
_and the same tongue_, are nevertheless closely connected."--_Dr. Murray
cor._ "To ascertain and settle _whether_ a white rose or a red breathes the
sweetest fragrance." Or thus: "To ascertain and settle which _of the two_
breathes the _sweeter_ fragrance, a white rose or a red _one_."--_J. Q.
Adams cor._ "To which he can afford to devote _but little_ of his time and
labour."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"Avoid extremes; and shun the fault of such
_As_ still are pleased too little or too much."--_Pope cor._
LESSON XI.--OF BAD PHRASES.
"He _might as well_ leave his vessel to the direction of the
winds."--_South cor._ "Without good-nature and gratitude, men _might as
well_ live in a wilderness as in society."--_L'Estrange cor._ "And, for
this reason, such lines _very seldom_ occur together."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"His _greatness_ did not make him _happy_."--_Crombie cor._ "Let that which
tends to _cool_ your love, be judged in all."--_Crisp cor._ "It is _worth_
observing, that there is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates
and masters the fear of death."--_Bacon cor._ "Accent dignifies the
syllable on which it is laid, and makes it more _audible_ than the
rest."--_Sheridan and Murray cor._ "Before he proceeds to argue on _either_
side."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The _general_ change of manners, throughout
Europe."--_Id._ "The sweetness and beauty of Virgil's numbers, _through
all_ his works."--_Id._ "The French writers of sermons, study neatness and
elegance in _the division of their discourses._"--_Id._ "This _seldom_
fails to prove a refrigerant to passion."--_Id._ "_But_ their fathers,
brothers, and uncles, cannot, as good relations and good citizens, _excuse
themselves for_ not standing forth to demand vengeance."--_Murray's
Sequel_, p. 114. "Alleging, that their _decrial_ of the church of Rome, was
a _uniting_ with the Turks."--_Barclay cor._ "To which is added the
Catechism _by the_ Assembly of Divines."--_N. E. Prim. cor._ "This
treachery was always present in _the thoughts of both of them_."--
_Robertson cor._ "Thus far their words agree." Or: "Thus far _the words of
both_ agree."--_W. Walker cor._ "Aparithmesis is _an_ enumeration _of the_
several parts of what, _as a whole_, might be expressed in few
words."--_Gould cor._ "Aparithmesis, or Enumeration, is _a figure in which_
what might be expressed in a few words, is branched out into several
parts."--_Dr. Adam cor._ "Which may sit from time to time, where you dwell,
or in the vicinity."--_J. O. Taylor cor._ "Place together a _large-sized
animal and a small one_, of the same species." Or: "Place together a large
and a small animal of the same species."--_Kames cor._ "The weight of the
swimming body is equal to that of the quantity of fluid displaced by
it."--_Percival cor._ "The Subjunctive mood, in all its tenses, is similar
to the Optative."--_Gwilt cor._ "No feeling of obligation remains, except
that of _an obligation to_ fidelity."--_Wayland cor._ "Who asked him _why_
whole audiences should be moved to tears at the representation of some
story on the stage."--_Sheridan cor._ "_Are you not ashamed_ to affirm that
the best works of the Spirit of Christ in his saints are as filthy
rags?"--_Barclay cor._ "A neuter verb becomes active, when followed by a
noun of _kindred_ signification."--_Sanborn cor._ "But he has judged better
in _forbearing_ to repeat the article _the_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Many
objects please us, _and are thought_ highly beautiful, which have _scarcely
any_ variety at all."--_Id._ "Yet they sometimes follow them."--_Emmons
cor._ "For I know of nothing more _important_ in the whole subject, than
this doctrine of mood and tense."--_R. Johnson cor._ "It is by no means
impossible for an _error_ to be _avoided_ or _suppressed_."--_Philol.
Museum cor._ "These are things of the highest importance to _children and
youth_."--_Murray cor._ "He _ought to_ have omitted the word _many_." Or:
"He _might_ better have omitted the word _many_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Which
_might_ better have been separated." Or: "Which _ought rather to_ have been
separated."--_Id._ "Figures and metaphors, therefore, should _never_ be
_used_ profusely."--_Id. and Jam. cor._ "Metaphors, _or_ other figures,
should _never_ be _used in_ too _great abundance_."--_Murray and Russell
cor._ "Something like this has been _alleged against_ Tacitus."--
_Bolingbroke cor._
"O thou, whom all mankind in vain withstand,
_Who with the blood of each_ must one day stain thy hand!"
--_Sheffield cor._
LESSON XII.--OF TWO ERRORS.
"Pronouns sometimes precede the _terms_ which they represent."--_L. Murray
cor._ "Most prepositions originally _denoted relations_ of place."--_Lowth
cor._ "WHICH is applied to _brute_ animals, and _to_ things without
life."--_Bullions cor._ "What _thing_ do they describe, or _of what do
they_ tell the kind?"--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "Iron _cannons_, as well as
brass, _are_ now universally cast solid."--_Jamieson cor._ "We have
philosophers, _more_ eminent perhaps _than those of_ any _other_
nation."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "This is a question about words _only_, and
_one_ which common sense easily determines."--_Id._ "The low pitch of the
voice, is _that which_ approaches to a whisper."--_Id._ "Which, as to the
effect, is just the same _as to use_ no such distinctions at all."--_Id._
"These two systems, therefore, _really_ differ from _each_ other _but_ very
little."--_Id._ "It _is_ needless to give many instances, as _examples_
occur so often."--_Id._ "There are many occasions _on which_ this is
neither requisite nor proper."--_Id._ "Dramatic poetry divides itself into
two forms, comedy _and_ tragedy."--_Id._ "No man ever rhymed _with more
exactness_ than he." [I.e., than Roscommon.]--_Editor of Waller cor._ "The
Doctor did not reap from his poetical labours a _profit_ equal to _that_ of
his prose."--_Johnson cor._ "We will follow that which we _find_ our
fathers _practised_." Or: "We will follow that which we _find to have been_
our _fathers'_ practice."--_Sale cor._ "And I _should_ deeply regret _that
I had_ published them."--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "Figures exhibit ideas _with
more vividness and power_, than could be _given them_ by plain
language."--_Kirkham cor._ "The allegory is finely drawn, _though_ the
heads _are_ various."--_Spect. cor._ "I should not have thought it worthy
_of this_ place." Or: "I should not have thought it worthy _of being
placed_ here."--_Crombie cor._ "In this style, Tacitus excels all _other_
writers, ancient _or_ modern."--_Kames cor._ "No _other_ author, ancient or
modern, possesses the art of dialogue _so completely as_ Shakspeare."--
_Id._ "The names of _all the things_ we see, hear, smell, taste, _or_ feel,
are nouns."--_Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Of_ what number are _the expressions_,
'these boys,' 'these pictures,' &c.?"--_Id._ "This sentence _has faults_
somewhat _like those_ of the last."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Besides perspicuity,
he pursues propriety, purity, and precision, in his language; which
_qualities form_ one degree, and no inconsiderable one, of beauty."--_Id._
"Many critical terms have unfortunately been employed in a sense too loose
and vague; none _with less precision_, than _the word_ sublime."--_Id._
"Hence no word in the language is used _with_ a more vague signification,
than _the word_ beauty."--_Id._ "But still, _in speech_, he made use of
general terms _only_."--_Id._ "These give life, body, and colouring, to the
_facts recited_; and enable us to _conceive of_ them as present, and
passing before our eyes."--_Id._ "Which carried an ideal chivalry to a
still more extravagant height, than _the adventurous spirit of knighthood_
had _ever attained_ in fact."--_Id._ "We write much more supinely, and
_with far less labour_, than _did_ the ancients."--_Id._ "This appears
indeed to form the characteristical difference between the ancient poets,
orators, and historians, _and_ the modern."--_Id._ "To violate this rule,
as the English too often _do, shows_ great incorrectness."--_Id._ "It is
impossible, by means of any _training_, to _prevent them from_ appearing
stiff and forced."--_Id. "And it also gives to_ the speaker the
disagreeable _semblance_ of one who endeavours to compel assent."--_Id._
"And _whenever_ a light or ludicrous anecdote is proper to be recorded, it
is generally better to throw it into a note, than to _run the_ hazard _of_
becoming too familiar."--_Id. "It is_ the great business of this life, to
prepare and qualify _ourselves_ for the enjoyment of a better."--_L. Murray
cor. "From_ some dictionaries, accordingly, it was omitted; and in others
_it is_ stigmatized as a barbarism."--_Crombie cor._ "You cannot see a
thing, or think of _one, the name of which is not_ a noun."--_Mack cor.
"All_ the fleet _have_ arrived, and _are_ moored in safety." Or better:
"The _whole_ fleet _has_ arrived, and _is_ moored in safety."--_L. Murray
cor._
LESSON XIII.--OF TWO ERRORS.
"They have _severally_ their distinct and exactly-limited _relations_ to
gravity."--_Hasler cor._ "But _where the additional s_ would give too much
of the hissing sound, the omission takes place even in prose."--_L. Murray
cor._ "After _o_, it [the _w_] is sometimes not sounded at all; _and_
sometimes _it is sounded_ like a single _u_."--_Lowth cor._ "It is
situation chiefly, _that_ decides the _fortunes_ and characters of
men."--_Hume cor._; also _Murray_. "The vice of covetousness is _that_
[vice] _which_ enters _more deeply_ into the soul than any other."--_Murray
et al. cor. "Of all vices_, covetousness enters the _most deeply_ into the
soul."--_Iid._ "_Of all the vices_, covetousness is _that which_ enters the
_most deeply_ into the soul."--_Campbell cor._ "The vice of covetousness is
_a fault which_ enters _more deeply_ into the soul _than_ any
other."--_Guardian cor._ "WOULD primarily denotes inclination of will; and
SHOULD, obligation: but _they_ vary their import, and are often used to
express simple _events_." Or:--"but _both of them_ vary their import," &c.
Or:--"but _both_ vary their import, and are used to express simple
_events_."--_Lowth, Murray, et al. cor._; also _Comly and Ingersoll_;
likewise _Abel Flint_. "A double _condition_, in two correspondent clauses
of a sentence, is sometimes made _by the word_ HAD; as, '_Had_ he done
this, he _had_ escaped.'"--_Murray and Ingersoll cor._ "The pleasures of
the understanding are preferable to those of the imagination, _as well as
to those_ of sense."--_L. Murray cor._ "Claudian, in a fragment upon the
wars of the giants, has contrived to render this idea of their throwing
_of_ the mountains, which in itself _has so much grandeur_, burlesque and
ridiculous."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "To which not only no other writings are to
be preferred, but _to which_, even in divers respects, _none are_
comparable."--_Barclay cor._ "To distinguish them in the understanding, and
treat of their several natures, in the same cool manner _that_ we _use_
with regard to other ideas."--_Sheridan cor._ "For it has nothing to do
with parsing, or _the_ analyzing _of_ language."--_Kirkham cor._ Or: "For
it has nothing to do with _the_ parsing, or analyzing, _of_
language."--_Id._ "Neither _has_ that language [the Latin] _ever been_ so
_common_ in Britain."--_Swift cor._ "All that I _purpose_, is, _to give_
some openings into the pleasures of taste."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "But the
following sentences would have been better _without it_."--_L. Murray cor._
"But I think the following sentence _would_ be better _without it_." Or:
"But I think it _should be expunged from_ the following sentence."--
_Priestley cor._ "They appear, in this case, like _ugly_ excrescences
jutting out from the body."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "And therefore the fable of
the Harpies, in the third book of the AEneid, and the allegory of Sin and
Death, in the second book of Paradise Lost, _ought not to have been
inserted_ in these celebrated poems."--_Id._ "Ellipsis is an elegant
suppression, or _omission_, of _some_ word or words, _belonging to_ a
sentence."--_Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor._ "The article A or AN _is not
very proper_ in this construction."--_D. Blair cor._ "Now suppose the
articles had not been _dropped from_ these passages."--_Bucke cor._ "To
_have given_ a separate _name_ to every one of those trees, would have been
an endless and impracticable undertaking."--_Blair cor._ "_Ei_, in general,
_has_ the same _sound_ as long and slender _a_." Or better: "_Ei generally
has_ the _sound of_ long _or_ slender _a_."--_L. Murray cor._ "When a
conjunction is used _with apparent redundance, the insertion of it_ is
called Polysyndeton."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "EACH, EVERY, EITHER, _and_
NEITHER, denote the persons or things _that_ make up a number, as taken
separately or distributively."--_M'Culloch cor._ "The principal sentence
must be expressed by _a verb_ in the indicative, imperative, or potential
_mood_"--_S. W. Clark cor._ "Hence he is diffuse, where he ought to _be
urgent_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "All _sorts_ of subjects admit of _explanatory_
comparisons."--_Id. et al. cor._ "The present or imperfect participle
denotes being, action, _or passion_, continued, _and_ not
perfected."--_Kirkham cor._ "What are verbs? Those words which _chiefly_
express what _is said of things_."--_Fowle cor._
"Of all those arts in which the wise excel,
_The very_ masterpiece is _writing-well_."--_Sheffield cor._
"Such was that muse whose rules and practice tell,
_That art's_ chief masterpiece is _writing-well_."--_Pope cor._
LESSON XIV.--OF THREE ERRORS.
"_From_ some words, the metaphorical sense has justled out the original
sense altogether; so that, in respect _to the latter_, they _have_ become
obsolete."--_Campbell cor._ "_Surely_, never any _other_ mortal was so
overwhelmed with grief, as I am at this present _moment_."--_Sheridan cor._
"All languages differ from _one an_ other in their _modes_ of
_inflection_."--_Bullions cor._ "_The noun_ and _the verb_ are the only
indispensable parts of speech: the one, to express the subject spoken of;
and the other, the predicate, or what is affirmed of _the
subject_."--_M'Culloch cor._ "The words _Italicized in_ the _last three_
examples, perform the office of substantives."--_L. Murray cor._ "A
sentence _so constructed_ is always _a_ mark of _carelessness in the
writer_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Nothing is more hurtful to the grace or _the_
vivacity of a period, than superfluous _and_ dragging words at the
conclusion."--_Id._ "When its substantive is not _expressed with_ it, but
_is_ referred to, _being_ understood."--_Lowth cor._ "Yet they _always_
have _substantives_ belonging to them, either _expressed_ or
understood."--_Id._ "Because they define and limit the _import_ of the
common _names_, or general _terms_, to which they refer."--_Id._ "Every new
object surprises _them_, terrifies _them_, and makes a strong impression on
their _minds_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "His argument required _a_ more _full
development_, in order to be distinctly apprehended, and to _have_ its due
force."--_Id._ "_Those_ participles which are derived from
_active-transitive_ verbs, will govern the objective case, as _do_ the
verbs from which they are derived."--_Emmons cor._ "Where, _in violation
of_ the rule, the objective case _whom_ follows the verb, _while_ the
nominative _I_ precedes _it_."--_L. Murray cor._ "_To use, after_ the same
conjunction, both the indicative and the subjunctive _mood_, in the same
sentence, and _under_ the same circumstances, seems to be a great
impropriety."--_Lowth, Murray, et al. cor._ "A nice discernment of _the
import of words_, and _an_ accurate attention to the best usage, are
necessary on these occasions."--_L. Murray cor._ "The Greeks and Romans,
the former especially, were, in truth, much more musical than we _are_;
their genius was more turned to _take_ delight in the melody of
speech."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "_In general, if_ the sense admits it _early_,
the sooner _a circumstance is introduced_, the better; that the more
important and significant words may possess the last place, _and be_ quite
disencumbered."--_Murray et al. cor._; also _Blair and Jamieson_. "Thus we
find it in _both_ the Greek and _the_ Latin _tongue_."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"_Several_ sentences, constructed in the same manner, and _having_ the same
number of members, should never be allowed to _come in succession_."--
_Blair et al. cor._ "I proceed to lay down the rules to be observed in the
conduct of metaphors; and _these, with little variation, will be applicable
to_ tropes of every kind."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "By _selecting_ words _with_ a
proper _regard to their sounds_, we may _often imitate_ other sounds which
we mean to describe."--_Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor._ "The disguise can
_scarcely_ be so perfect _as to deceive_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The sense
_does not admit_ of _any_ other pause, than _one_ after the second syllable
'sit;' _this_ therefore must be the only pause made in the reading."--_Id._
"Not that I believe North America to _have been first_ peopled so _lately_
as _in_ the twelfth century, the period of Madoc's migration."--_Webster
cor._ "Money and commodities _will_ always flow to that country _in which_
they are most wanted, and _in which they will_ command the most
profit."--_Id._ "That it contains no visible marks of _certain_ articles
which are _of_ the _utmost importance_ to a just delivery."--_Sheridan
cor._ "And _Virtue_, from _her_ beauty, we call a fair and favourite
maid."--_Mack cor._ "The definite article may _relate to_ nouns _of either_
number."--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._
LESSON XV.--OF MANY ERRORS.
(1.) "Compound _words are_[, by L. Murray and others, improperly] included
_among the derivatives_."--_L. Murray corrected._ (2.) "_The_ Apostrophe,
_placed above the line_, thus ', is used to abbreviate or shorten _words.
But_ its chief use is, to _denote_ the _possessive_ case of nouns."--_Id._
(3.) "_The_ Hyphen, _made_ thus -, _connects the parts of compound_ words.
It is also used when a word is divided."--_Id._ (4.) "The Acute Accent,
_made_ thus , _denotes the syllable on which stress is laid, and sometimes
also, that the vowel is short_: as, '_Fancy_.' The Grave _Accent, made_
thus `, _usually denotes, (when applied to English words,) that the stress
is laid where a vowel ends the syllable_: as, '_Favour_.'"--_Id._ (5.) "The
stress is laid on long _vowels or_ syllables, and on short _ones_,
indiscriminately. In order to distinguish the _long or open vowels_ from
the _close or short ones_, some writers of dictionaries have placed the
grave _accent_ on the former, and the acute on the latter."--_Id._ (6.)
"_The_ Diaeresis, thus _made_ ", _is_ placed over one of two _contiguous_
vowels, _to show that they are not_ a diphthong."--_Id._ (7.) "_The_
Section, _made_ thus Sec., is _sometimes used to mark the subdivisions_ of a
discourse or chapter."--_Id._ (8.) "_The_ Paragraph, _made thus_ ,
_sometimes_ denotes the beginning of a new subject, or _of_ a _passage_ not
connected with the _text preceding_. This character is _now seldom_ used
[_for such a purpose_], _except_ in the Old and New Testaments." Or
better:--"except in the _Bible_."--_Id._ (9.) "_The_ Quotation _Points,
written thus_ " ", _mark_ the beginning _and the end_ of _what_ is quoted
or transcribed from _some_ speaker or author, in his own words. In type,
they are inverted commas at the beginning, _apostrophes_ at the
conclusion."--_Id._ (10.) "_The_ Brace _was formerly_ used in poetry at the
end of a triplet, or _where_ three lines _rhymed together in heroic verse;
it_ also _serves_ to connect _several terms_ with one, _when the one is
common to all_, and _thus_ to prevent a repetition _of the_ common
term."--_Id._ (11.) "_Several_ asterisks _put together_, generally denote
the omission of some _letters belonging to_ a word, or of some bold or
indelicate expression; _but sometimes they imply a_ defect in the
manuscript _from which the text is copied_."--_Id._ (12.) "_The_ Ellipsis,
_made thus_ ----, _or thus_ ****, is used _where_ some letters _of_ a word,
or some words _of_ a verse, are omitted."--_Id._ (13.) "_The_ Obelisk,
which is _made_ thus [Obelisk]; and _the_ Parallels, _which are made_ thus
||; _and sometimes_ the letters of the alphabet; and _also the Arabic_
figures; are used as references to _notes in_ the margin, or _at the_
bottom, of the page."--_Id._ (14.) "_The_ note of interrogation should not
be employed, where it is only said _that_ a question has been asked, and
where the words are not used as a question; _as_, 'The Cyprians asked me
why I wept.'"--_Id. et al. cor._ (15.) "_The note_ of interrogation is
improper after _mere_ expressions of admiration, or of _any_ other emotion,
_though they may bear the form of_ questions."--_Iid._ (16.) "The
parenthesis incloses _something which is thrown_ into the body of a
sentence, _in an under tone; and_ which affects neither the sense, nor the
construction, _of the main text_."--_Lowth cor._ (17.) "Simple members
connected by _a relative not used restrictively, or by a conjunction that
implies comparison_, are for the most part _divided_ by _the_
comma."--_Id._ (18.) "Simple members, _or_ sentences, connected _as terms
of comparison_, are for the most part _separated_ by _the_ comma."--_L.
Murray et al. cor._ (19.) "Simple sentences connected by _a comparative
particle_, are for the most part _divided_ by the comma."--_Russell cor._
(20.) "Simple sentences _or clauses_ connected _to form a comparison_,
should generally be _parted_ by _the_ comma."--_Merchant cor._ (21.) "The
simple members of sentences that express contrast or comparison, should
generally be divided by _the_ comma."--_Jaudon cor._ (22.) "_The_ simple
members of _a comparative sentence, when_ they _are_ long, are separated by
a comma."--_Cooper cor._ (23.) "Simple sentences connected _to form a
comparison, or_ phrases placed in opposition, or contrast, are _usually_
separated by _the comma_."--_Hiley and Bullions cor._ (24.) "On _whichever_
word we lay the emphasis,--whether on the first, _the_ second, _the_ third,
or _the_ fourth,--_every change of it_ strikes out a different sense."--_L.
Murray cor._ (25.) "To _say to_ those who do not understand sea phrases,
'We tacked to the larboard, and stood off to sea,' would _give them little
or no information_."--_Murray and Hiley cor._ (26.) "Of _those_
dissyllables which are _sometimes_ nouns and _sometimes_ verbs, _it may be
observed, that_ the verb _is_ commonly _accented_ on the latter _syllable_,
and the noun on the former."--_L. Murray cor._ (27.) "And this gives _to_
our language _an_ advantage _over_ most others, in the poetical _or_
rhetorical style."--_Id. et al. cor._ (28.) "And this gives _to_ the
English _language_ an advantage _over_ most _others_, in the poetical and
_the_ rhetorical style."--_Lowth cor._ (29.) "The second and _the_ third
scholar may read the same sentence; or as many _may repeat the text_, as
_are_ necessary to _teach_ it perfectly to the whole _class_."--_Osborn
cor._
(30.) "Bliss is the _same_, in subject, _or in_ king,
In who obtain defence, or who defend."
--_Pope's Essay on Man_, IV, 58.
LESSON XVI.--OF MANY ERRORS.
"The Japanese, the Tonquinese, and the _Coreans_, speak languages
_differing_ from one _an other_, and from _that of_ the inhabitants of
China; _while all_ use the same written characters, and, by means _of
them_, correspond intelligibly with _one an_ other in writing, though
ignorant of the language spoken _by their correspondents_: a plain proof,
that the Chinese characters are like hieroglyphics, _and essentially_
independent of language."--_Jamieson cor._; also _Dr. Blair_. "The curved
line, _in stead_ of _remaining_ round, is _changed to a_ square _one_, for
the reason _before mentioned_."--_Knight cor._ "Every _reader_ should
content himself with the use of those tones only, that he is habituated to
in speech; and _should_ give _to the words no_ other emphasis, _than_ what
he would _give_ to the same words, in discourse. [Or, perhaps the author
meant:--and _should_ give _to the emphatic words no_ other _intonation,
than_ what he would _give_, &c.] Thus, whatever he utters, will be
_delivered_ with ease, and _will_ appear natural."--_Sheridan cor._ "_A
stop_, or _pause, is_ a total cessation of sound, during a perceptible,
and, in _musical or poetical_ compositions, a measurable space of time."--_
Id._ "Pauses, or rests, in speaking _or_ reading, are total _cessations_ of
the voice, during perceptible, and, in many cases, measurable _spaces_ of
time."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "_Those derivative_ nouns which _denote_
small _things_ of the kind _named by their primitives_, are called
Diminutive Nouns: as, lambkin, hillock, satchel, gosling; from lamb, hill,
sack, goose."--_Bullions cor._ "_Why is it_, that nonsense so often escapes
_detection, its character not being perceived either_ by the writer _or_ by
the reader?"--_Campbell cor._ "An Interjection is a word used to express
sudden emotion. _Interjections_ are so called, because they are generally
thrown in between the parts of _discourse, and have no_ reference to the
structure of _those_ parts."--_M'Culloch_ cor. "_The verb_ OUGHT _has no
other inflection than_ OUGHTEST, _and this is nearly obsolete_."--
_Macintosh cor._ "But the _arrangement_, government, _and_ agreement _of
words_, and _also their_ dependence upon _others_, are referred to our
reason."--_Osborn cor._ "ME is a personal pronoun, _of the_ first person,
singular _number_, and _objective_ case."--_Guy cor._ "The _noun_ SELF is
_usually_ added to a pronoun; as, herself, himself, &c. _The compounds_
thus _formed are_ called reciprocal _pronouns_."--_ Id._ "One cannot _but
think_, that our author _would have_ done better, _had he_ begun the first
of these three sentences, with saying, '_It_ is novelty, _that_ bestows
charms on a monster.'"--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The idea which they present to
us, of _nature_ resembling art, of _art_ considered as an original, and
nature as a copy, seems not very distinct, _or_ well _conceived_, nor
indeed very material to our author's purpose."--_Id._ "_This faulty_
construction of the sentence, _evidently arose from haste and
carelessness_."--_Id._ "Adverbs serve to modify _terms_ of action or
quality, or to denote time, place, order, degree, _or_ some _other
circumstance_ which we have occasion to specify."--_Id._ "We may naturally
expect, _that_ the more any nation is improved by science, and the more
perfect _its_ language becomes, _the_ more will _that language_ abound with
connective particles."--_Id._ "Mr. Greenleaf's book is _far better_ adapted
_to the capacity of_ learners, _than_ any _other_ that has yet appeared, on
the subject."--_Feltus and Onderdonk's false praise Englished_.
"Punctuation is the art of marking, in writing _or in print_, the several
pauses, or rests, _which separate_ sentences, _or_ the parts of sentences;
_so as to denote_ their proper quantity or proportion, as _it is exhibited_
in a just and accurate _delivery_."--_Lowth cor._ "A compound sentence must
_generally_ be resolved into simple ones, and _these be_ separated by _the
comma_." Or better: "A compound sentence _is generally divided_, by _the
comma_, into _its_ simple _members_."--_Greenleaf and Fisk cor._ "Simple
sentences should _in general_ be separated from _one an_ other by _the
comma_, unless _a greater point is required_; as, 'Youth is passing away,
age is approaching, and death is near.'"--_S. R. Hall cor._ "_V_ has
_always_ one uniform sound, _which is that_ of _f flattened_, as in
_thieve_ from _thief: thus v_ bears to _f_ the same relation _that b_ does
to _p, d_ to _t_, hard _g_ to _k, or z_ to _s_."--_L. Murray and Fisk
cor._; also _Walker_; also _Greenleaf_. "The author is explaining the
_difference_ between sense and imagination, _as_ powers _of_ the human
mind."--_L. Murray cor._ Or, if this was the critic's meaning: "The author
is endeavouring to explain a very abstract point, the distinction between
the powers of sense and _those of_ imagination, _as two different faculties
of_ the human mind."--_ Id._; also _Dr. Blair cor._ "HE--(_from the_
Anglo-Saxon HE--) is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular
number, masculine gender, _and_ nominative case. Decline HE."--_Fowler
cor._
CORRECTIONS UNDER THE CRITICAL NOTES.
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE I.--OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
"The passive voice denotes _an action received_." Or: "The passive voice
denotes _the receiving of an action_."--_Maunder corrected_. "Milton, in
some of his prose works, has _many_ very _finely-turned_ periods."--_Dr.
Blair and Alex. Jam. cor._ "These will be found to be _wholly_, or chiefly,
of that class."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "All appearances of an author's
_affecting of_ harmony, are disagreeable."--_Id. and Jam. cor._ "Some nouns
have a double increase; that is, _they increase_ by more syllables than
one: as _iter, itin~eris_."--_Adam et al. cor._ "The powers of man are
enlarged by _progressive_ cultivation."--_Gurney cor._ "It is always
important to begin well; to make a favourable impression at _the first
setting out_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "For if one take a wrong method at _his
first setting-out_, it will lead him astray in all that follows."--_ Id._
"His mind is full of his subject, and _all_ his words are expressive."--_
Id._ "How exquisitely is _all_ this performed in Greek!"--_Harris cor._
"How _unworthy_ is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal
soul!"--_L. Murray cor._ "So as to exhibit the object in its _full
grandeur_, and _its_ most striking point of view."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "And
that the author know how to descend with propriety to the _plain style_, as
well as how to rise to the bold and figured."--_ Id._ "The heart _alone_
can answer to the heart."--_ Id._ "Upon _the_ first _perception of it_."
Or: "_As it is_ first perceived."--_Harris cor._ "Call for Samson, that he
may make _sport for us_."--_Bible cor._ "And he made _sport before
them_."--_ Id._ "The term '_to suffer_,' in this definition, is used in a
technical sense; and means simply, _to receive_ an action, or _to be_ acted
upon."--_Bullions cor._ "The text _only_ is what is meant to be taught in
schools."--_Brightland cor._ "The perfect participle denotes action or
_existence_ perfected or finished."--_Kirkham cor._ "From the intricacy and
confusion which are produced _when they are_ blended together."--_L. Murray
cor._ "This very circumstance, _that the word is_ employed antithetically
renders it important in the sentence."--_Kirkham cor._ "It [the pronoun
that,] is applied _both to_ persons and _to_ things."--_L. Murray cor._
"Concerning us, as being _everywhere traduced_."--_Barclay cor._ "Every
thing _else_ was buried in a profound silence."--_Steele cor._ "They raise
_fuller_ conviction, than any reasonings produce."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "It
appears to me _nothing but_ a fanciful refinement." Or: "It appears to me
_nothing_ more than a fanciful refinement"--_ Id._ "The regular _and
thorough_ resolution of a complete passage."--_Churchill cor._ "The
infinitive is _distinguished_ by the word TO, _which_ immediately _precedes
it_."--_Maunder cor._ "It will not be _a gain of_ much ground, to urge that
the basket, or vase, is understood to be the capital."--_Kames cor._ "The
disgust one has to drink ink in reality, is not to the purpose, where _the
drinking of it is merely figurative_."--_ Id._ "That we run not into the
extreme of pruning so very _closely_."--See _L. Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p.
318. "Being obliged to rest for a _little while_ on the preposition
itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest a _while_ on the preposition itself."
Or: "Being obliged to rest [for] a _moment_ on the preposition
_alone_."--_Blair and Jam. cor._ "Our days on the earth are as a shadow,
and there is _no_ abiding."--_Bible cor._ "There _may be attempted_ a more
particular expression of certain objects, by means of _imitative_
sounds."--_Blair, Jam., and Mur. cor._ "The right disposition of the shade,
makes the light and colouring _the more apparent_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "I
_observe_ that a diffuse style _is apt to run into_ long periods."--_ Id._
"Their poor arguments, which they only _picked up in the
highways_."--_Leslie cor._ "Which must be little _else than_ a transcribing
of their writings."--_Barclay cor._ "That single impulse is a _forcing-out_
of almost all the breath." Or: "That single impulse _forces_ out almost all
the breath."--_Hush cor._ "Picini compares modulation to the _turning-off_
from a road."--_Gardiner cor._ "So much has been written on and off almost
every subject."--_Sophist cor._ "By _the_ reading _of_ books written by the
best authors, his mind became highly improved." Or: "By _the study of the
most instructive_ books, his mind became highly improved."--_L. Mur. cor._
"For I never made _a rich provision a_ token of a spiritual
ministry."--_Barclay cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE II.--OF DOUBTFUL REFERENCE.
"However disagreeable _the task_, we must resolutely perform our
duty."--_L. Murray cor._ "The formation of _all_ English verbs, _whether
they be_ regular _or_ irregular, is derived from the Saxon
_tongue_."--_Lowth cor._ "Time and chance have an influence on all things
human, and nothing _do they affect_ more remarkably than
language."--_Campbell cor._ "Time and chance have an influence on all
things human, and on nothing _a_ more remarkable _influence_ than on
language."--_Jamieson cor._ "_That_ Archytases, _who was_ a virtuous man,
happened to perish once upon a time, is with him a sufficient ground."
&c.--_Phil Mu. cor._ "He will be the better qualified to understand the
meaning of _the_ numerous words _into_ which they _enter as_ material
_parts_."--_L. Murray cor._ "We should continually have the goal in view,
_that it may_ direct us in the race."--_ Id._ "But Addison's figures seem
to rise of their own accord from the subject and constantly _to_ embellish
it" Or:--"and _they_ constantly embellish it."--_Blair and Jam. cor._ "So
far as _they signify_ persons, animals, and things that we can see, it is
very easy to distinguish nouns."--_Cobbett cor._ "Dissyllables ending in
_y_ or mute _e_, or accented on the _final_ syllable, may _sometimes_ be
compared like monosyllables."--_Frost cor._ "_If_ the _foregoing_
objection _be admitted_, it will not overrule the design."--_Rush cor._
"These philosophical innovators forget, that objects, like men, _are known_
only by their actions."--_Dr. Murray cor._ "The connexion between words and
ideas, is arbitrary and conventional; _it has arisen mainly from_ the
agreement of men among themselves."--_Jamieson cor._ "The connexion between
words and ideas, may in general be considered as arbitrary and
conventional, _or as arising from_ the agreement of men among
themselves."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "A man whose inclinations led him to be
corrupt, and _who_ had great abilities to manage and multiply and defend
his corruptions."--_Swift cor._ "They have no more control over him than
_have_ any other men."--_Wayland cor._ "_All_ his old words are true
English, and _his_ numbers _are_ exquisite."--_Spect. cor._ "It has been
said, that _not Jesuits only_ can equivocate."--_Mur. in Ex. and Key, cor._
"_In Latin_, the nominative of the first _or_ second person, is seldom
expressed."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "Some words _have_ the same _form_ in
both numbers."--_Murray et al. cor._ "Some nouns _have_ the same _form_ in
both numbers."--_Merchant et al. cor._ "Others _have_ the same _form_ in
both numbers; as, _deer, sheep, swine_."--_Frost cor._ "The following list
denotes the _consonant_ sounds, _of which there are_ twenty-two." Or: "The
following list denotes the _twenty-two simple_ sounds of the
consonants."--_Mur. et al. cor._ "And is the ignorance of these peasants a
reason for _other persons_ to remain ignorant; or _does it_ render the
subject _the_ less _worthy of our_ inquiry?"--_Harris and Mur. cor._ "He is
one of the most correct, and perhaps _he is_ the best, of our prose
writers."--_Lowth cor._ "The motions of a vortex and _of_ a whirlwind are
perfectly similar." Or: "The motion of a vortex and _that of_ a whirlwind
are perfectly similar."--_Jamieson cor._ "What I have been saying, throws
light upon one important verse in the Bible; which _verse_ I should like to
_hear some one read_."--_Abbott cor._ "When there are any circumstances of
time, place, _and the like, by_ which the principal _terms_ of our sentence
_must be limited or qualified_."--_Blair, Jam. and Mur. cor._
"Interjections are words _that_ express emotion, affection, or passion, and
_that_ imply suddenness." Or: "Interjections express emotion, affection, or
passion, and imply suddenness."--_Bucke cor._ "But the genitive
_expressing_ the measure of things, is used in the plural number
_only_."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "The buildings of the institution have been
enlarged; _and an_ expense _has been incurred_, which, _with_ the increased
price of provisions, renders it necessary to advance the terms of
admission."--_L. Murray cor._ "These sentences are far less difficult than
complex _ones_."--_S. S. Greene cor._
"Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
_They_ sober _lived, nor ever wished_ to stray."--_Gray cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE III.--OF DEFINITIONS.
(1.) "A definition is a _short and lucid_ description of _a thing, or
species, according to its nature and properties_."--G. BROWN: _Rev. David
Blair cor._ (2.) "Language, in general, signifies the expression of our
ideas by certain articulate sounds, _or written words_, which are used as
the signs of those ideas."--_Dr. Hugh Blair cor._ (3.) "A word is _one or
more syllables_ used by common consent as the sign of an idea."--_Bullions
cor._ (4.) "A word is _one or more syllables_ used as the _sign of an idea,
or of some manner_ of thought."--_Hazen cor._ (5.) "Words are articulate
sounds, _or their written signs_, used to convey ideas."--_Hiley cor._ (6.)
"A word is _one or more syllables_ used _orally or in writing_, to
represent some idea."--_Hart cor._ (7.) "A word is _one or more syllables_
used as the sign of an idea."--_S. W. Clark cor._ (8.) "A word is a letter
or a combination of letters, _a sound or a combination of sounds_, used as
the sign of an idea."--_Wells cor._ (9.) "Words are articulate sounds, _or
their written signs_, by which ideas are communicated."--_Wright cor._
(10.) "Words are certain articulate sounds, _or their written
representatives_, used by common consent as signs of our
ideas."--_Bullions, Lowth, Murray, et al. cor._ (11.) "Words are sounds _or
written symbols_ used as signs of our ideas."--_W. Allen cor._ (12.)
"Orthography _literally_ means _correct writing_"--_Kirkham and Smith cor._
[The word _orthography_ stands for different things: as, 1. The art or
practice of writing words with their proper letters; 2. That part of
grammar which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling.]
(13.) "A vowel is a letter which _forms a perfect_ sound _when uttered
alone_."--_Inst._, p. 16; _Hazen, Lennie, and Brace, cor._ (14-18.)
"Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters."--G.
BROWN: _Lowth and Churchill cor._; also _Murray, Ing. et al._; also
_Comly_; also _Bullions_; also _Kirkham and Sanborn_. (19.) "A syllable is
_one or more letters_, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and
constituting a word, or part of a word."--_Lowth, Mur., et al., cor._ (20.)
"A syllable is a _letter or a combination of letters_, uttered in one
complete sound."--_Brit. Gram. and Buch. cor._ (21.) "A syllable is _one or
more letters representing_ a distinct sound, _or what is_ uttered by a
single impulse of the voice."--_Kirkham cor._ (22.) "A syllable is so much
of a word as _is_ sounded at once, _whether it_ be the whole _or a
part_."--_Bullions cor._ (23.) "A syllable is _so many letters_ as _are_
sounded at once; _and is either_ a word, or a part of a word."--_Picket
cor._ (24.) "A diphthong is _a_ union of two vowels _in one syllable_, as
in _bear_ and _beat_."--_Bucke cor._ Or: "A diphthong is _the meeting_ of
two vowels in one syllable."--_Brit. Gram._, p. 15; _Buchanan's_, 3. (25.)
"A diphthong consists of two vowels _put together in_ one syllable; as _ea_
in _beat, oi_ in _voice_."--_Guy cor._ (26.) "A triphthong consists of
three vowels _put together in_ one syllable; as, _eau_ in _beauty_."--_Id._
(27.) "But _a_ triphthong is the union of three vowels _in one
syllable_."--_Bucke cor._ Or: "A triphthong is the meeting of three vowels
in one syllable."--_British Gram._, p. 21; _Buchanan's_, 3. (28.) "What is
a noun? A noun is the _name of something_; as, a man, a boy."--_Brit. Gram.
and Buchanan cor._ (29.) "An adjective is a word added to _a noun or
pronoun_, to describe _the object named or referred to_."--_Maunder cor._
(30.) "An adjective is a word _added_ to a noun _or pronoun_, to describe
or define _the object mentioned_."--_R. C. Smith cor._ (31.) "An adjective
is a word _which, without assertion or time, serves_ to describe or define
_something_; as, a _good_ man, _every_ boy."--_Wilcox cor._ (32.) "_An_
adjective is _a word_ added to _a_ noun _or pronoun, and generally
expresses a_ quality."--_Mur. and Lowth cor._ (33.) "An adjective expresses
the quality, _not_ of the noun _or pronoun_ to which it is applied, _but of
the person or thing spoken of_; and _it_ may generally be known by _the_
sense _which it thus makes_ in connexion with _its noun_; as, 'A _good_
man,' 'A _genteel_ woman.'"--_Wright cor._ (34.) "An adverb is a word used
to modify the sense of _a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other
adverb_."--_Wilcox cor._ (35.) "An adverb is a word _added_ to a verb, _a
participle_, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify _the sense_, or
denote some circumstance."--_Bullions cor._ (36.) "A substantive, or noun,
is a name given to _some_ object which the senses can perceive, the
understanding comprehend, or the imagination entertain."--_Wright cor._
(37-54.) "_Genders are modifications that_ distinguish _objects_ in regard
to sex."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 35: _Bullions cor._: also _Frost_; also
_Perley_; also _Cooper_; also _L. Murray et al_.; also _Alden et al_.; also
_Brit. Gram., with Buchanan_; also _Fowle_; also _Burn_; also _Webster_;
also _Coar_; also _Hall_; also _Wright_; also _Fisher_; also _W. Allen_;
also _Parker and Fox_; also _Weld_; also _Weld again_. (55 and 56.) "_A_
case, _in grammar_, is the state or condition of a noun _or pronoun_, with
respect to _some_ other _word_ in _the_ sentence."--_Bullions cor._; also
_Kirkham_. (57.) "_Cases_ are modifications that distinguish the relations
of nouns and pronouns to other words."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 36. (58.)
"Government is the power which one _word_ has over an other, _to cause_ it
to _assume_ some particular _modification_."--_Sanborn et al. cor._ See
_Inst._, p. 104. (59.) "A simple sentence is a sentence which contains only
one _assertion, command, or question_."--_Sanborn et al. cor._ (60.)
"Declension means _the_ putting _of_ a noun _or pronoun_ through the
different cases _and numbers_."--_Kirkham cor._ Or better: "The declension
of a _word_ is a regular arrangement of its numbers and cases."--See
_Inst._, p. 37. (61.) "Zeugma is a _figure in which_ two or more _words
refer_ in common _to an other_ which _literally agrees with_ only one of
them."--_B. F. Fish cor._ (62.) "An irregular verb is _a verb that does not
form the preterit_ and the perfect participle _by assuming d_ or _ed_; as,
smite, smote, smitten."--_Inst._, p. 75. (63). "A personal _pronoun is a
pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is_."--_Inst._, p. 46.
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE IV.--OF COMPARISONS.
"_Our language abounds_ more in vowel and diphthong sounds, than most
_other tongues_." Or: "We abound more in vowel and _diphthongal_ sounds,
than most _nations_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "A line thus accented has a more
spirited air, than _one which takes_ the accent on any other
syllable."--_Kames cor._ "Homer _introduces_ his deities with no greater
ceremony, that [what] he uses towards mortals; and Virgil has still less
moderation _than he_."--_Id._ "Which the more refined taste of later
writers, _whose_ genius _was_ far inferior to _theirs_, would have taught
them to avoid."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "_As a poetical composition_, however,
the Book of Job is not only equal to any other of the sacred writings, but
is superior to them all, except those of Isaiah alone."--_Id._ "On the
whole, Paradise Lost is a poem _which_ abounds with beauties of every kind,
and _which_ justly entitles its author to _be equalled in_ fame _with_ any
poet."--_Id._ "Most of the French writers compose in short sentences;
though their style, in general, is not concise; commonly less so than
_that_ of _most_ English writers, whose sentences are much longer."--_Id._
"The principles of the Reformation were _too deeply fixed_ in the prince's
mind, to be easily eradicated."--_Hume cor._ "Whether they do not create
jealousy and animosity, more than _sufficient to counterbalance_ the
benefit derived from them."--_Leo Wolf cor._ "The Scotch have preserved the
ancient character of their music more entire, than _have the inhabitants
of_ any other country."--_Gardiner cor._ "When the time or quantity of one
syllable exceeds _that of_ the rest, that syllable readily receives the
accent."--_Rush cor._ "What then can be more obviously true, than that it
should be made as just as we can _make it_."--_Dymond cor._ "It was not
likely that they would criminate themselves more than, they could _not_
avoid."--_Clarkson cor._ "_In_ their understandings _they_ were the most
acute people _that_ have ever lived."--_Knapp cor._ "The patentees have
printed it with neat types, and upon better paper than was _used_
formerly."--_John Ward cor._ "In reality, its relative use is not exactly
like _that of_ any other word."--_Felch cor._ "Thus, _in stead_ of _having
to purchase_ two books,--the Grammar and the Exercises,--the learner finds
both in one, for a price at _most_ not greater than _that of_ the
others."--_Alb. Argus cor._ "_They are_ not improperly regarded as
pronouns, though they are less _strictly_ such than the others."--_Bullions
cor._ "We have had, as will readily be believed, _a much better_
opportunity of becoming conversant with the case, than the generality of
our readers can be supposed to have had."--_Brit. Friend cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE V.--OF FALSITIES.
"The long sound of _i_ is _like a very quick union_ of the sound of _a_, as
heard in _bar_, and that of _e_, as heard in _be_."--_Churchill cor._ "The
omission of a word necessary to grammatical propriety, is _of course an
impropriety, and not a true_ ellipsis."--_Priestley cor._ "_Not_ every
substantive, _or noun_, is _necessarily_ of the third person."--_A. Murray
cor._ "A noun is in the third person, when the subject is _merely_ spoken
_of_; and in the second person, when the subject is spoken _to_; _and_ in
the first person, _when it names the speaker as such_."--_Nutting cor._
"With us, no nouns are _literally of the_ masculine _or the_ feminine
gender, except the names of male and female creatures."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"_The_ apostrophe is a little mark, either _denoting the possessive case of
nouns_, or signifying that something is shortened: as, '_William's_
hat;'--'the _learn'd_,' for 'the _learned_.'"--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "When a
word beginning with a vowel coupled with one beginning with a consonant,
the indefinite article must _not_ be repeated, _if the two words be
adjectives belonging to one and the same noun_; thus, 'Sir Matthew Hale was
_a_ noble and impartial judge;'--'Pope was _an_ elegant and nervous
writer.'"--_Maunder cor._[555] "_W_ and _y_ are consonants, when they
_precede a vowel heard in the same_ syllable: in every other situation,
they are vowels."--_L. Mur. et al. cor._ See _Inst._, p. 16. "_The_ is _not
varied_ before adjectives and substantives, let them begin as they
will."--_Bucke cor._ "_A few English_ prepositions, _and many which we have
borrowed from other languages_, are _often_ prefixed to words, in such a
manner as to coalesce with them, and to become _parts of the compounds or
derivatives thus formed_."--_Lowth cor._ "_H_, at the beginning of
syllables not accented, is _weaker_, but _not_ entirely silent; as in
_historian, widowhood_."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "_Not every_ word that will
make sense with _to_ before it, is a verb; for _to_ may govern nouns,
pronouns, or participles."--_Kirkham cor._ "_Most_ verbs do, in reality,
express actions; but they are _not_ intrinsically the mere names of
actions: _these must of course be nouns_."--_Id._ "The nominative _denotes_
the actor or subject; and the verb, the action _which is_ performed _or
received_ by _this actor or subject_."--_Id._ "_But_ if only one creature
or thing acts, _more than_ one action _may_, at the same instant, be done;
as, 'The girl not only _holds_ her pen badly, but _scowls_ and _distorts_
her features, while she _writes_.'"--_Id._ "_Nor is each of these verbs of
the singular number because it_ denotes but one action which the girl
performs, _but because the subject or nominative_ is of the singular
number, _and the words must agree_."--_Id._ "And when I say, '_Two men
walk_,' is it not equally apparent, that _walk_ is plural because it
_agrees with men_?"--_Id._ "The subjunctive mood is formed by _using the
simple verb in a suppositive sense, and without personal
inflection_."--_Beck cor._ "The possessive case _of nouns, except in
instances of apposition or close connexion_, should always be distinguished
by the apostrophe."--_Frost cor._ "'At these proceedings _of_ the Commons:'
Here _of_ is _a_ sign of the _objective_ case; and '_Commons_' is of that
case, _being_ governed _by this preposition_."--_A. Murray cor._ "Here let
it be observed again, that, strictly speaking, _all finite_ verbs have
numbers _and_ persons; _and so_ have _nearly all_ nouns _and_ pronouns,
_even_ when they refer to irrational creatures and inanimate
things."--_Barrett cor._ "The noun denoting the person or _persons_
addressed or spoken to, is in the nominative case independent: _except it
be put in apposition with a pronoun of the second person_; as, 'Woe to _you
lawyers_;'--'_You_ political _men_ are constantly manoeuvring.'"--_Frost
cor._ "Every noun, when _used in a direct address and set off by a comma_,
becomes of the second person, and is in the nominative case absolute; as,
'_Paul_, thou art beside thyself."--_Jaudon cor._ "Does the conjunction
_ever_ join words together? _Yes_; the conjunction _sometimes_ joins
_words_ together, _and sometimes_ sentences, _or certain parts of
sentences_."--_Brit. Gram. cor._; also _Buchanan_. "Every _noun of the
possessive form_ has a _governing_ noun, expressed or understood: as, _St.
James's_. Here _Palace_ is understood. _But_ one _possessive may_ govern an
other; as, '_William's father's_ house.'"--_Buchanan cor._ "Every adjective
(_with the exceptions noted under Rule_ 9th) belongs to a _noun or pronoun_
expressed or understood."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "_Not_ every adjective
qualifies a substantive, expressed or understood."--_Bullions cor._ "_Not_
every adjective belongs to _a_ noun expressed or understood."--_Ingersoll
cor._ "Adjectives belong to nouns _or pronouns, and serve to_ describe
_things_."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "_English_ adjectives, _in general, have no
modifications in which they can_ agree with the nouns _to_ which they
_relate_."--_Allen Fisk cor._ "The adjective, _if it denote unity or
plurality_, must agree with its substantive in number."--_Buchanan cor._
"_Not_ every adjective and participle, _by a vast many_, belongs to some
noun or pronoun, expressed or understood."--_Frost cor._ "_Not_ every verb
of the infinitive mood, supposes a verb before it, expressed or
understood."--_Buchanan cor._ "_Nor_ has every adverb its verb, expressed
or understood; _for some adverbs relate to participles, to adjectives, or
to other adverbs_."--_Id._ "_A conjunction that connects one_ sentence to
_an other, is not_ always placed betwixt the two propositions or sentences
which _it unites_."--_Id._ "The words _for all that_, are by no means
'low;' but the putting of this phrase for _yet_ or _still_, is neither
necessary nor elegant."--_L. Murray cor._; also _Dr. Priestley_. "The
reader or hearer then understands from AND, that _the author adds one
proposition, number, or thing, to an other_. Thus AND _often, very often_,
connects one thing with an other thing, _or_ one word with an other
word."--_James Brown cor._ "'Six AND six _are_ twelve.' Here it is
affirmed, that _the two sixes added together are_ twelve."--_Id._ "'John
AND his wife _have_ six children.' This is an instance _in which_ AND
_connects two nominatives in a simple sentence_. It is _not_ here affirmed
that John has six children, and that his wife has six _other_
children."--_Id._ "That 'Nothing can be great which is not right,' is
itself a _great falsity_: there are great blunders, great evils, great
sins."--_L. Murray cor._ "The highest degree of reverence should be paid to
_the most exalted virtue or goodness_."--_Id._ "There is in _all_ minds
_some_ knowledge, _or_ understanding."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "Formerly,
the nominative and objective cases of our pronouns, were _more generally
distinguished in practice_, than they now are."--_Kirkham cor._ "As it
respects a choice of words and expressions, _the just_ rules of grammar
_may_ materially aid the learner."--_S. S. Greene cor._ "_The name of_
whatever exists, or is conceived to exist, is a noun."--_Fowler cor._ "As
_not all_ men are brave, _brave_ is itself _distinctive_."--_Id._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VI.--OF ABSURDITIES.
(1.) "And sometimes two unaccented syllables _come together_."--_Dr. Blair
cor._ (2.) "What nouns frequently _stand together_?" Or: "What nouns _are_
frequently _used one after an other_?"--_Sanborn cor._ (3.) "Words are
derived from _other words_ in various ways."--_Idem et al. cor._ (4.) "_The
name_ PREPOSITION _is_ derived from the two Latin words _prae_ and _pono_,
which signify _before_ and _place_."--_Mack cor._ (5.) "He was _much_
laughed at for such conduct."--_Bullions cor._ (6.) "Every _pronominal
adjective_ belongs to some noun, expressed or understood."--_Ingersoll
cor._ (7.) "If he [Addison] fails in any thing, it is in strength and
precision; _the want of_ which renders his manner not altogether a proper
model."--_Dr. Blair cor._ (8.) "Indeed, if Horace _is_ deficient in any
thing _his fault_ is this, of not being sufficiently attentive to juncture,
_or the_ connexion of parts."--_Id._ (9.) "The pupil is now supposed to be
acquainted with the _ten parts_ of speech, and their most usual
modifications."--_Taylor cor._ (10.) "I could see, _feel_, taste, and smell
the rose."--_Sanborn cor._ (11.) "The _vowels iou are_ sometimes pronounced
distinctly in two syllables; as in _various, abstemious_; but not in
_bilious_."--_Murray and Walker cor._ (12.) "The diphthong _aa_ generally
sounds like _a_ short; as in _Balaam, Canaan, Isaac_; in _Baael_ and _Gaael_,
we make no diphthong."--_L. Mur. cor._ (13.) "Participles _cannot be said
to be_ 'governed by the article;' for _any_ participle, with _an_ article
before it, becomes a substantive, or an adjective used substantively: as,
_the learning, the learned_."--_Id._ (14.) "_From_ words ending with _y_
preceded by a consonant, _we_ form the plurals of nouns, the persons of
verbs, _agent_ nouns, _perfect_ participles, comparatives, and
superlatives, by changing the _y_ into _i_, and adding _es, ed, er, eth_,
or _est_."--_Walker, Murray, et al. cor._ (15.) "But _y_ preceded by a
vowel, _remains unchanged_, in the derivatives above named; as, _boy,
boys_."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ (16.) "But when _the final y_ is preceded
by a vowel, it _remains unchanged before an_ additional syllable; as, coy,
_coyly_."--_Iid._ (17.) "But _y_ preceded by a vowel, _remains unchanged_,
in _almost all_ instances; as, coy, _coyly_."--_Kirkham cor._ (18.)
"Sentences are of _two kinds_, simple and compound."--_Wright cor._ (19.)
"The neuter pronoun _it_ may be employed to _introduce a nominative_ of any
person, number, or gender: as, '_It_ is _he_:'--'_It_ is _she_;'--'_It is
they_;'--'_It_ is the _land_.'"--_Bucke cor._ (20 and 21.) "_It is_ and _it
was_, are _always singular_; but they _may introduce words of_ a plural
construction: as, '_It was_ the _heretics that_ first began to rail.'
SMOLLETT."--_Merchant cor._; also _Priestley et al._ (22.) "_W_ and _y_, as
consonants, have _each of them_ one sound."--_Town cor._ (23.) "The _word
as_ is frequently a relative _pronoun_."--_Bucke cor._ (24.) "_From a
series of_ clauses, the conjunction may _sometimes_ be omitted with
propriety."--_Merchant cor._ (25.) "If, however, the _two_ members are very
closely connected, the comma is unnecessary; as, 'Revelation tells us how
we may attain happiness.'"--_L. Murray et al. cor._ (26-27.) "The mind has
difficulty in _taking effectually_, in quick succession, so many different
views of the same object."--_Dr. Blair cor._; also _L. Mur_. (28.)
"_Pronominal adjectives_ are a kind of _definitives_, which _may either
accompany their_ nouns, _or represent them understood_."--_Kirkham cor._
(29.) "_When the nominative or antecedent is a collective noun_ conveying
_the idea of plurality, the_ verb or pronoun _must agree_ with it in the
plural _number_."--_Id. et al. cor._ (30-34.) "A noun or _a_ pronoun in the
possessive case, is governed by the _name of the thing possessed_."--
_Brown's Inst._, p. 176; _Greenleaf cor._; also _Wilbur and Livingston_;
also _Goldsbury_; also _P. E. Day_; also _Kirkham, Frazee, and Miller_.
(35.) "Here the boy is represented as acting: _the word boy_ is therefore
in the nominative case."--_Kirkham cor._ (36.) "_Do, be, have_, and _will_,
are _sometimes_ auxiliaries, _and sometimes_ principal verbs."--_Cooper
cor._ (37.) "_Names_ of _males_ are masculine. _Names_ of _females_ are
feminine."--_Adam's Gram._, p. 10; _Beck cor._ (38.) "'To-day's lesson is
longer than yesterday's.' Here _to-day's_ and _yesterday's_ are
substantives."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ (39.) "In this example, _to-day's_
and _yesterday's_ are nouns in the possessive case."--_Kirkham cor._ (40.)
"An Indian in Britain would be much surprised to _find by chance_ an
elephant feeding at large in the open fields."--_Kames cor._ (41.) "If we
were to contrive a new language, we might make any articulate sound the
sign of any idea: _apart from previous usage_, there would be no
impropriety in calling oxen _men_, or rational beings _oxen_."--_L. Murray
cor._ (42.) "All the parts of a sentence should _form a consistent
whole_."--_Id et al. cor._
(43.) "Full through his neck the weighty falchion sped,
Along the pavement rolled the _culprit's_ head."--_Pope cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VII.--OF SELF-CONTRADICTION.
(1.) "Though 'The king, _with_ the lords and commons,' _must have a
singular rather than_ a plural verb, the sentence would certainly stand
better thus: 'The king, the lords, _and_ the commons, _form_ an excellent
constitution.'"--_Mur. and Ing. cor._ (2-3.) "_L_ has a soft liquid sound;
as in _love, billow, quarrel_. _This letter_ is sometimes silent; as in
_half, task [sic for 'talk'--KTH], psalm_."--_Mur. and Fisk cor._; also
_Kirkham_. (4.) "The words _means_ and _amends_, though regularly derived
from the singulars _mean_ and _amend_, are _not_ now, _even_ by polite
writers, restricted to the plural number. Our most distinguished modern
authors _often_ say, 'by _this means_,' as well as, 'by _these
means_.'"--_Wright cor._ (5.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an
enemy, his crimes."--_Mur. cor._ (6.) "The auxiliary _have, or any form of_
the perfect tense, _belongs not properly to_ the subjunctive mood. _We
suppose past facts by the indicative_: as, If I _have loved_, If thou _hast
loved_, &c."--_Merchant cor._ (7.) "There is also an impropriety in _using_
both the indicative and the subjunctive _mood_ with the same conjunction;
as, '_If_ a man _have_ a hundred sheep, and one of them _is_ gone astray,'
&c. [This is Merchant's perversion of the text. It should be, 'and one of
them _go_ astray:' or, '_be gone_ astray,' as in Matt., xviii. 12.]"--_Id._
(8.) "The rising series of contrasts _conveys transcendent_ dignity and
energy to the conclusion."--_Jamieson cor._ (9.) "A groan or a shriek is
instantly understood, as a language extorted by distress, a _natural_
language which conveys a meaning that _words_ are _not adequate_ to
express. A groan or _a_ shriek speaks to the ear with _a_ far more
thrilling effect than words: yet _even this natural_ language of distress
may be counterfeited by art."--_Dr. Porter cor._ (10.) "_If_ these words
[_book_ and _pen_] cannot be put together in such a way as will constitute
plurality, then they cannot be '_these words_;' and then, also, _one and
one_ cannot be _two_."--_James Brown cor._ (11.) "Nor can the real pen and
the real book be _added or counted together_ in words, in such a manner as
will _not_ constitute plurality in grammar."--_Id._ (12.) "_Our_ is _a
personal_ pronoun, of the possessive _case. Murray does not_ decline
it."--_Mur. cor._ (13.) "_This_ and _that_, and their plurals _these_ and
_those_, are _often_ opposed to each other in a sentence. When _this_ or
_that_ is used alone, i.e., _without contrast, this_ is _applied_ to _what
is_ present or near; _that_, to _what is_ absent or distant."--_Buchanan
cor._ (14.) "Active and neuter verbs may be conjugated by adding their
_imperfect_ participle to the auxiliary verb _be_, through all its
variations."--"_Be_ is an auxiliary whenever it is placed before either the
perfect _or the imperfect_ participle of an other verb; but, in every other
situation, it is a principal verb."--_Kirkham cor._ (15.) "A verb in the
imperative mood is _almost_ always of the second person."--"The verbs,
according to a _foreign_ idiom, or the poet's license, are used in the
imperative, agreeing with a nominative of the first or third
person."--_Id._ (16.) "A personal _pronoun, is a pronoun that shows, by its
form, of what_ person _it is_."--"Pronouns of the first person do not
_disagree_ in person with the nouns they represent."--_Id._ (17.) "Nouns
have three cases; _the_ nominative, _the possessive_, and _the_
objective."--"Personal pronouns have, like nouns, _three_ cases; _the_
nominative, _the_ possessive, and _the_ objective."--_Beck cor._ (18.) "In
_many_ instances the preposition suffers _a_ change _and_ becomes an adverb
by its _mere_ application."--_L. Murray cor._ (19.) "Some nouns are used
only in the plural; as, _ashes, literati, minutiae_. Some nouns _have_ the
same _form_ in both numbers; as, _sheep, deer, series, species_. Among the
inferior parts of speech, there are some _pairs_ or _couples_."--_Rev. D.
Blair cor._ (20.) "Concerning the pronominal adjectives, that may, _or_ may
not, represent _their nouns_."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ (21.) "The _word a_ is
in a few instances employed in the sense of a preposition; as, 'Simon Peter
_saith unto them_, I go _a_ fishing;' i. e., I go _to_ fishing."--_Weld
cor._ (22.) "So, _too_, verbs _that are commonly_ transitive, are used
intransitively, when they have no object."--_Bullions cor._
(23.) "When first young Maro, in his boundless mind,
A work t' outlast _imperial_ Rome design'd."--_Pope cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VIII.--OF SENSELESS JUMBLING.
"_There are two numbers_, called the singular and _the_ plural, _which_
distinguish nouns as _signifying either_ one _thing_, or many of the same
kind."--_Dr. H. Blair cor._ "Here James Monroe is addressed, he is spoken
to; _the name_ is _therefore_ a noun of the second person."--_Mack cor._
"The number and _person_ of _an English_ verb can _seldom_ be ascertained
until its nominative is known."--_Emmons cor._ "A noun of multitude, or _a
singular noun_ signifying many, may have _a_ verb _or a_ pronoun agreeing
with it in _either_ number; yet not without regard to the import of the
_noun_, as conveying _the idea of_ unity or plurality."--_Lowth et al.
cor._ "To _form_ the present _tense_ and _the_ past imperfect of our
_active_ or neuter _verbs_, the auxiliary _do, and its preterit did, are
sometimes_ used: _as_, I _do_ now love; I _did_ then love."--_Lowth cor._
"If these _be_ perfectly committed _to memory, the learner_ will be able to
take twenty lines for _his second_ lesson, and _the task_ may be increased
each day."--_Osborn cor._ "_Ch is_ generally sounded in the same manner _as
if it were tch_: as in _Charles, church, cheerfulness_, and _cheese_. But,
_in Latin or Greek_ words, _ch is_ pronounced like _k_: as in _Chaos,
character, chorus_, and _chimera_. _And_, in _words_ derived from the
French, _ch is_ sounded like _sh_: as _in Chagrin, chicanery_, and
_chaise_."--_Bucke cor._ "Some _nouns literally_ neuter, are _made_
masculine or feminine by a figure of speech."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "In
the English language, words may be classified under ten general heads: the
_sorts, or chief classes, of words_, are usually termed the ten parts of
speech."--_Nutting cor._ "'Mercy is the true badge of nobility.' _Nobility_
is a _common_ noun, _of the_ third person, singular number, _neuter_
gender, and objective case; and is governed by _of_."--_Kirkham cor._ "_Gh
is_ either silent, _as in plough_, or _has_ the sound of _f_, as in
_laugh_."--_Town cor._ "Many _nations_ were destroyed, and as many
languages or dialects were lost and blotted out from the general
catalogue."--_Chazotte cor._ "Some languages contain a greater number of
moods than others, and _each_ exhibits _its own as_ forms _peculiar to
itself_."--_L. Murray cor._ "A SIMILE is a simple and express comparison;
and is generally introduced by _like, as_, or _so_."--_Id._ See _Inst._, p.
233. "The word _what_ is sometimes improperly used for the conjunction
_that_."--_Priestley, Murray, et al., cor._ "Brown makes _no_ ado _in
condemning_ the _absurd_ principles of preceding works, in relation to the
gender of pronouns."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "The nominative _usually_
precedes the verb, and _denotes the agent of_ the action."--_Wm. Beck cor._
"Primitive _words_ are those which _are not formed from other words_ more
simple."--_Wright cor._ "In monosyllables, the single vowel _i_ always
preserves its long sound before a single consonant with _e_ final; as _in
thine, strive_: except in _give_ and _live_, which are short; and in
_shire_, which has the sound of long _e_."--_L. Murray, et al. cor._ "But
the person or thing _that is merely_ spoken of, being _frequently_ absent,
and _perhaps_ in many respects unknown _to the hearer_, it is _thought
more_ necessary, that _the third person_ should be marked by a distinction
of gender."--_Lowth, Mur., et al., cor._ "_Both vowels of every diphthong
were_, doubtless, originally _vocal_. Though in many instances _they are_
not _so_ at present, _the_ combinations _in which one only is heard_, still
retain the name of diphthongs, _being distinguished from others_ by the
term _improper_."--_L. Mur., et al. cor._ "_Moods are different forms_ of
the verb, _each of which expresses_ the being, action, or passion, _in some
particular_ manner."--_Inst._, p. 33; _A. Mur. cor._ "The word THAT is a
demonstrative _adjective, whenever_ it is followed by a _noun_ to which it
refers."--_L. Mur. cor._
"The _guilty soul by Jesus wash'd_,
Is future glory's deathless heir."--_Fairfield cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE IX.--OF WORDS NEEDLESS.
"A knowledge of grammar enables us to express ourselves better in
conversation and in writing."--_Sanborn cor._ "And hence we infer, that
there is no dictator here but use."--_Jamieson cor._ "Whence little is
gained, except correct spelling and pronunciation."--_Town cor._ "The man
who is faithfully attached to religion, may be relied on with
confidence."--_Merchant cor._ "Shalt thou build me _a_ house to dwell in?"
Or: "Shalt thou build _a_ house for me to dwell in?"--_Bible cor._ "The
house was deemed polluted which was entered by so abandoned a woman."--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "The farther he searches, the firmer will be his
belief."--_Keith cor._ "I deny not that religion consists in these
things."--_Barclay cor._ "Except the king delighted in her, and she were
called by name."--_Bible cor._ "The proper method of reading these lines,
is, to read them as the sense dictates."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "When any words
become obsolete, or are used _only in_ particular phrases, it is better to
dispense with their service entirely, and give up the phrases."--_Campbell
and Mur cor._ "Those savage people seemed to have no element but war."--_L.
Mur. cor._ "_Man_ is a common noun, of the third person, singular number,
masculine gender, and nominative case."--_J. Flint cor._ "The orator, as
circumstances require, will employ them all."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "By
deferring repentence [sic--KTH], we accumulate our sorrows."--_L. Murray
cor._ "There is no doubt that public speaking became early an engine of
government."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The different _meanings_ of these two
words, may not at first occur."--_Id._ "The sentiment is well expressed by
Plato, but much better by Solomon."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "They have had
a greater privilege than we."--_L. Mur. cor._ "Every thing should be so
arranged, that what goes before, may give light and force to what
follows."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "So that his doctrines were embraced by great
numbers."--_Hist. cor._ "They have taken _an other_ and shorter
cut."--_South cor._ "The imperfect tense of a regular verb is formed from
the present by adding _d_ or _ed_; as, _love, loved_."--_Frost cor._ "The
pronoun _their_ does not agree in number with the noun '_man_', for which
it stands."--_Kirkham cor._ "This mark [!] denotes wonder, surprise, joy,
grief, or sudden emotion."--_Bucke cor._ "We all are accountable, each for
himself."--_L. Mur. et al. cor._ "If he has commanded it, I must
obey."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "I now present him a form of the diatonic
scale."--_Barber cor._ "One after an other, their favourite rivers have
been reluctantly abandoned." Or: "One after an other _of_ their favourite
rivers have _they_ reluctantly abandoned."--_Hodgson cor._ "_Particular_
and _peculiar_ are words of different import."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Some
adverbs admit of comparison; as, _soon, sooner, soonest_."--_Bucke cor._
"Having exposed himself too freely in different climates, he entirely lost
his health."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The verb must agree with its nominative in
number and person."--_Buchanan cor._ "Write twenty short sentences
containing adjectives."--_Abbott cor._ "This general tendency of the
language seems to have given occasion to a very great corruption."--
_Churchill's Gram._, p. 113. "The second requisite of a perfect sentence is
_unity_."--_L. Murray cor._ "It is scarcely necessary to apologize for
omitting their names."--_Id._ "The letters of the English alphabet are
twenty-six."--_Id. et al. cor._ "He who employs antiquated or novel
phraseology, must do it with design; he cannot err from inadvertence, as he
may with respect to provincial or vulgar expressions."--_Jamieson cor._
"The vocative case, in some grammars, is wholly omitted; why, if we must
have cases, I could never understand."--_Bucke cor._ "Active verbs are
conjugated with the auxiliary verb _have_; passive verbs, with the
auxiliary _am_ or _be_."--_Id._ "What then may AND be called? A
conjunction."--_Smith cor._ "Have they ascertained who gave the
information?"--_Bullions cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE X.--OF IMPROPER OMISSIONS.
"All _words signifying concrete_ qualities of things, are called adnouns,
or adjectives."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "The _macron_ [[=]] signifies _a_
long or accented syllable, and the breve [[~]] indicates a short or
unaccented syllable."--_Id._ "Whose duty _it_ is, to help young
ministers."--_Friends cor._ "The passage is closely connected with what
precedes and _what_ follows."--_Phil. Mu. cor._ "The work is not completed,
but _it_ soon will be."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "Of whom hast thou been afraid,
or _whom hast thou_ feared?"--_Bible cor._ "There is a God who made, and
_who_ governs, the world."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "It was this _that_ made them
so haughty."--_Goldsmith cor._ "How far the whole charge affected him, _it_
is not easy to determine."--_Id._ "They saw _these wonders of nature_, and
_worshiped_ the God that made them."--_Bucke cor._ "The errors frequent in
the use of hyperboles, arise either from overstraining _them_, or _from_
introducing them on unsuitable occasions."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The preposition
_in_ is set before _the names of_ countries, cities, and large towns; as,
'He lives _in_ France, _in_ London, or _in_ Birmingham.' But, before _the
names of_ villages, single houses, _or foreign_ cities, _at_ is used; as,
'He lives _at_ Hackney.'"--_Id. et al. cor._ "And, in such recollection,
the thing is not figured as in our view, nor _is_ any image
formed."--_Kames cor._ "Intrinsic _beauty_ and relative beauty must be
handled separately."--_Id._ "He should be on his guard not to do them
injustice by disguising _them_ or placing them in a false light."--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "In _perusing_ that work, we are frequently interrupted by _the
author's_ unnatural thoughts."--_L. Murray cor._ "To this point have tended
all the rules _which_ I have _just_ given."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "To _this
point_ have tended all the rules which have _just_ been given."--_L. Murray
cor._ "Language, as written, or _as_ oral, is addressed to the eye, or to
the ear."--_Journal cor._ "He will learn, Sir, that to accuse and _to_
prove are very different."--_Walpole cor._ "They crowded around the door so
as to prevent others _from_ going out."--_Abbott cor._ "_A word denoting_
one person or thing, is _of the_ singular number; _a word denoting_ more
than one person or thing: is _of the_ plural number."--_J. Flint cor._
"Nouns, according to the sense or relation in which they are used, are in
the nominative, _the_ possessive, or _the objective_ case: thus, Nom. man.
Poss. man's, Obj. man."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "Nouns or pronouns in the
possessive case are placed before the nouns which govern them, _and_ to
which they belong."--_Sanborn cor._ "A teacher is explaining the difference
between a noun and _a_ verb."--_Abbott cor._ "And therefore the two ends,
or extremities, must directly answer to the north and _the_ south
pole."--_Harris cor._ "WALKS or WALKETH, RIDES or RIDETH, _and_ STANDS or
STANDETH, are of the third person singular."--_Kirkham cor._ "I grew
immediately roguish and pleasant, to a _high_ degree, in the same
strain."--_Swift cor._ "An _Anapest_ has the first _two_ syllables
unaccented, and the last _one_ accented."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._; also
_Kirkham et al_.; also _L. Mur. et al_. "But hearing and vision differ not
more than words spoken and _words_ written." Or: "But hearing and vision
_do not differ_ more than _spoken words_ and written."--_Wilson cor._ "They
are considered by some _authors to be_ prepositions."--_Cooper cor._ "When
those powers have been deluded and _have_ gone astray."--_Phil Mu. cor._
"They will understand this, and _will_ like it."--_Abbott cor._ "They had
been expelled _from_ their native country Romagna."--_Hunt cor._ "Future
time is expressed _in_ two different ways."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "Such as
the borrowing _of some noted event_ from history."--_Kames cor._ "Every
_finite_ verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."--_Bucke
cor._ "We are struck, we know not how, with the symmetry of any _handsome_
thing we see."--_L. Murray cor._ "Under this head, I shall consider every
thing _that is_ necessary to a good delivery."--_Sheridan cor._ "A good ear
is the gift of nature; it may be much improved, but _it cannot be_ acquired
by art."--_L. Murray cor._ "'_Truth_' _is a common_ noun, _of the third
person_, singular _number_, neuter _gender_, and nominative
_case_."--_Bullions cor._ by _Brown's Form_. "'_Possess_' _is a regular_
active-transitive verb, _found in_ the indicative mood, present _tense_,
third person, _and_ plural number."--_Id._ "'_Fear_' is a _common_ noun,
_of the third person_, singular _number_, neuter _gender_, and nominative
_case_: and is the subject of _is: according to the Rule which says, 'A
noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the
nominative case.'_ Because the meaning is--'_fear is_.'"--_Id._ "'_Is_' is
an irregular _neuter_ verb, _from be_, was, _being_, been; _found_ in the
indicative _mood_, present _tense_, third person, _and_ singular _number_:
and agrees with its nominative _fear_; _according to the_ Rule _which
says_, '_Every finite_ verb _must agree with its subject, or nominative, in
person and number_' Because the meaning is--'_fear is_.'"--_Id._ "_Ae in
the word Gaelic_, has the sound of long _a_."--_Wells cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XI.--OF LITERARY BLUNDERS.
"Repeat some adverbs that are composed of the _prefix or preposition a_ and
nouns."--_Kirkham cor._ "Participles are so called, because _they
participate or partake the properties of verbs and of adjectives or nouns_.
The Latin word _participium_, which signifies _a participle, is_ derived
from _participo_, to partake."--_Merchant cor._ "The possessive _precedes_
an other noun, and is known by the sign _'s_, or by this ', the apostrophe
only."--_Beck cor._ "Reciprocal pronouns, _or compound personal pronouns_,
are formed by adding _self_ or _selves_ to the _simple_ possessives _of the
first and second persons, and to the objectives of the third person_; as,
_myself, yourselves, himself, themselves_."--_Id._ "The word SELF, and its
plural SELVES, _when used separately as names_, must be considered as
nouns; _but when joined to the simple pronouns, they are not nouns, but
parts of the compound personal pronouns_."--_Wright cor._ "The _Spondee
'rolls round_,' expresses beautifully the majesty of the sun in his
course."--_Webster and Frazee cor._ "_Active-transitive verbs_ govern the
objective case; as, 'John _learned_ his _lesson_.'"--_Frazee cor._ "Prosody
primarily signified _accent_, or _the modulation of the voice_; and, as the
name implies, related _to poetry, or song_."--_Hendrick cor._ "On such a
principle of forming _them_, there would be as many _moods_ as verbs; and,
_in stead_ of four moods, we should have _four thousand three hundred_,
which is the number of verbs in the English language, according to
Lowth." [556]--_Hallock cor._ "The phrases, 'To let _out_ blood,'--'To go
_a_ hunting,' are _not_ elliptical; for _out_ is needless, and _a_ is a
preposition, governing _hunting_."--_Bullions cor._ "In Rhyme, the last
syllable of every _line corresponds in_ sound _with that of some other line
or lines_."--_Id._ "The possessive case plural, _where the nominative ends
in s_, has the apostrophe _only_; as, '_Eagles'_ wings,'--'_lions'_
whelps,'--'_bears'_ claws.'"--_Weld cor._ "'_Horses-manes_,' plural, should
be written _possessively, 'horses' manes_:'" [_one "mane"_ is never
possessed by many "_horses_."]--_Id._ "W takes its _usual_ form from the
union of two _Vees_, V being the _figure_ of the Roman capital letter which
was anciently called _U_."--_Fowler cor._ "In the sentence, 'I saw the lady
who sings,' what word _is nominative to_ SINGS?"--_J. Flint cor._ "In the
sentence, 'This is the pen which John made,' what word _expresses the
object of_ MADE?"--_Id._ "'That we fall into _no_ sin:' _no_ is a
definitive or pronominal _adjective_, not compared, and relates to
_sin_."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "'That _all_ our doings may be ordered by thy
governance:' _all_ is a pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to
_doings_."--_Id._ "'Let him be made _to_ study.' _Why is_ the sign _to_
expressed before _study_? Because _be made_ is passive; and passive verbs
do not take the infinitive after them without the preposition
_to_."--_Sanborn cor._ "The following verbs have _both the preterit tense
and the perfect participle like the present_: viz., Cast, cut, cost, shut,
let, bid, shed, hurt, hit, put, &c."--_Buchanan cor._ "The agreement which
_any_ word has with _an other_ in person, _number_, gender, _or_ case, is
called CONCORD; and _the_ power which one _word_ has over _an other_, in
respect to ruling its case, mood, or _form_, is called GOVERNMENT."--_Bucke
cor._ "The word _ticks_ tells what the watch is _doing_."--_Sanborn cor._
"_The_ Breve ([~]) marks a short vowel or syllable, and the _Macron_ ([=]),
a long _one_."--_Bullions and Lennie cor._ "'Charles, you, by your
diligence, make easy work of the task given you by your preceptor.' The
first _you_ is in the _nominative_ case, being the subject of the verb
_make_."--_Kirkham cor._ "_Uoy_ in _buoy_ is a proper _triphthong; eau_ in
_flambeau_ is an improper _triphthong_."--_Sanborn cor._ "'While I of
things to come, As past rehearsing, sing.'--POLLOK. That is, 'While I sing
of things to come, _as if I were rehearsing things that are_
past.'"--_Kirkham cor._ "A simple sentence _usually_ has in it but one
nominative, and _but_ one _finite_ verb."--_Folker cor._ "An irregular verb
is _a verb that does not form the preterit_ and _the_ perfect participle
_by assuming d or ed_."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 75. "But, when the antecedent
is used in a _restricted_ sense, a comma is _sometimes_ inserted before the
relative; as, 'There is no _charm_ in the female sex, _which_ can supply
the place of virtue.'"--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 273. Or: "But, when the
antecedent is used in a _restricted_ sense, no comma is _usually_ inserted
before the relative; as, 'There is in the female sex no _charm which_ can
supply the place of virtue.'"--_Kirkham cor._ "Two capitals _used_ in this
way, denote _different words_; but _one repeated, marks_ the plural number:
as, L. D. _Legis Doctor_; LL. D. _Legum Doctor_."--_Gould cor._ "Was any
person _present besides_ the mercer? Yes; his clerk."--_L. Murray cor._
"The word _adjective_ comes from the Latin _adjectivum_; and this, from
_ad_, to, and _jacio_, I cast."--_Kirkham cor._ "Vision, or _Imagery_, is a
figure _by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagination_, as
actually before _his_ eyes, and _present to his senses_. Thus Cicero, in
his fourth oration against Cataline: 'I seem to myself to behold this city,
the ornament of the earth, and the capital of all nations, suddenly
involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of
citizens lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious
countenance of Ceth[=e]'gus rises to my view, while with savage joy he is
triumphing in your miseries.'"--_Dr. Blair cor._; also _L. Murray_. "When
_two or more_ verbs follow the same nominative, _an_ auxiliary _that is
common to them both or all_, is _usually expressed to_ the first, and
understood to the rest: as, 'He _has gone_ and _left_ me;' that is, 'He
_has gone_ and _has left_ me.'"--_Comly cor._ "When I use the word _pillar
to denote a column that supports_ an edifice, I employ it
literally."--_Hiley cor._ "_In poetry_, the conjunction _nor_ is often used
for _neither_; as
'A stately superstructure, that _nor_ wind,
Nor wave, nor shock of falling years, could move.'--POLLOK."--_Id._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XII--OF PERVERSIONS.
"In the beginning God created the _heaven_ and the earth."--_Genesis_, i,
1. "Canst thou by searching find out _God_?"--_Job_, xi, 7. "Great _and
marvellous are thy works_, Lord _God Almighty_; just and true are thy ways,
thou King of saints."--_Rev._, xv. 3. "_Not_ every one that saith unto me,
Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven."--_Matt._, vii, 21.
"Though he was rich, yet for _your_ sakes he became poor."--_2 Cor._, viii,
9. "Whose foundation was _overthrown_ with a flood."--SCOTT'S BIBLE: _Job_,
xxii, 16. "Take my yoke upon _you, and learn of me_;" &c.--_Matt._, xi, 29.
"I _go_ to prepare a place for you."--_John_, xiv, 2. "_And you_ hath he
quickened, who _were_ dead _in_ trespasses _and sins_."--_Ephesians_, ii,
1. "Go, flee thee away into the land of _Judah_."--_Amos_, vii, 12;
_Lowth's Gram._, p. 44. Or: "Go, flee away into the land of
_Judah_."--_Hart cor._ "Hitherto shalt thou come, _but_ no
_further_."--_Job_, xxxviii, 11. "The day is thine, the night also is
thine."--_Psal._, lxxiv, 16. "_Tribulation_ worketh patience; and patience,
experience; and experience, hope."--_Romans_, v, 4. "_Then_ shall the dust
return to _the earth as it was_; and the _spirit shall return unto God_ who
gave it."--_Ecclesiastes_, xii, 7. "_At the last_ it biteth like a serpent,
and stingeth like an adder. _Thine eyes shall behold strange women_, and
_thine heart shall_ utter perverse things: _Yea_, thou _shalt_ be _as he
that_ lieth down in the midst of the sea."--_Prov._, xxiii, 32, 33, 34.
"The memory of the just _is blessed_; but the name of the wicked shall
rot."--_Prov._, x, 7. "He that is slow _to_ anger, is better than the
mighty; _and_ he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a
city."--_Prov._, xvi, 32. "_For whom the Lord loveth_, he correcteth;
_even_ as _a_ father the son in whom he delighteth."--_Prov._, iii, 12.
"The _first-future_ tense _is that which expresses_ what _will_ take place
hereafter."--_Brown's Inst. of E. Gram._, p. 54. "Teach me to feel
another's woe, To hide _the fault_ I see."--_Pope's Univ. Prayer_. "Surely
thou art one of them; for thou art a _Galilean_."--_Mark_, xiv, 70. "Surely
thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee."--_Matt._, xxvi,
73. "Strait is the gate, and narrow _is_ the way, _which leadeth_ unto
life."--_Matt._, vii, 14. "Thou buildest the wall, that thou _mayest_ be
their king."--_Nehemiah_, vi, 6. "There is forgiveness with thee, that thou
_mayest_ be feared."--_Psalms_, cxxx, 4. "But yesterday, the word _of
Caesar_ might Have stood against the world."--_Beauties of Shakspeare_, p.
250. "The North-East spends _his_ rage."--_Thomson's Seasons_, p. 34.
"Tells how the drudging _goblin_ swet."--_Milton's Allegro_, l. 105. "And
to his faithful _champion_ hath in place _Borne_ witness
gloriously."--_Milton's Sam. Agon._, l. 1752. "Then, if thou _fall'st_, O
Cromwell, Thou _fall'st_ a blessed martyr."--_Beauties of Shakspeare_, p.
173. Better: "Then, if thou _fall_, O Cromwell! thou _fallst_ a blessed
martyr."--_Shak. and Kirk. cor._ "I see the dagger-crest of Mar, I see the
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